No. 1, Journal of Population StudiesPublished: 1977.01
The “Journal of Population Studies” is to be issued annually by the National Taiwan University Population Study Center for publishing population research articles. The Center was organized with the approval of the Ministry of Education as a formal unit of the University in August, 1976, The main function of the Center are threefold: 1. to coordinate and improve the teaching relevant the population, 2. to promote and encourage inter-departmental cooperative population studies and 3. to collect and accumulate data and informations related to population research.
Taiwan’s very successful family planning program and many researches on the population growth of taiwan have been strongly supported by our government agencies and sponsored by the U.S. Population Council, and the Joint Commission in Rural Reconstruction. However, as the Population Council has discontinued their activities in Taiwan, it is expected that our government agencies will give more support to population studies.
Because the National Taiwan University has six Colleges including 42 Departments and 44 GRaduate Institutes, its Population Study Center can cover various aspects of studies, such as economic, sociological, psychological, legal, anthropological, agricultural, geographical, public health, etc., and even male interdisciplinary group researches.
Although many papers of population studies have been published elsewhere by the faculty of different departments of the University during the past years, it seems timely to publish the first issue of the “Journal of Population Studies” containing articles of population research by the Center members, and it is hoped that this Journal will become a biannual and then a quarterly one in the near future.
The Population Study Center is grateful to the Population Council and the Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction for their financial supports making the Center’s publication possible. (January, 1977)
Huoyao Wei M.D.
Dean of Academic Affairs
Chairman, Population Study Center
National Taiwan University
Contents
No keywords available.
Abstract
With rapid industrial developments and lagging agricultural developments in Taiwan,
rural populations are migrating to urban and industrial centers in a large
scale. These horizontal movements are creating changes in multiple aspects,
in which agricultural labor shortage is a common issue. Therefore, labor-intensive
operations can no longer be encouraged as before.
This study aims to discuss the relationship between agricultural emigration and multiple-crop farming in Taiwan. First, we point to agricultural emigration trends in Taiwan. This section touches upon agricultural population, as well as emigration quantity and ratio in agricultural labor. The second section describes the relationship between emigration pattern and crop index, which is further divided into three aspects. 1. After Second World War, agricultural population was stable with little emigration. After 1966, higher emigration led to falling multiple-crop index. 2. Observe the relationship between agricultural emigration and multiple-crop index in different regions. Regions with lower multiple-crop index are capable of attracting agricultural labors from other regions. On the other hand, agricultural emigration is more prominent in regions with higher multiple-crop index. This pattern happened before industrialization. However, with advanced industrialization and urbanization, this pattern becomes irregular. 3. Compare relationships between different emigration patterns and multiple-crop index in farming families. Commuting migrants are correlated to high multiple-crop index. These migrants contribute more labor to agricultural operations than others (permanent and seasonal migrants). In other words, farming families with higher multiple-crop index require more partial labor from migrants in family. The third, fourth, and fifth sections explore migrant attributes and occupations, migrant roles and contributions to multiple-crop farming, and trends in migration ratio and multiple-crop index.
This study aims to discuss the relationship between agricultural emigration and multiple-crop farming in Taiwan. First, we point to agricultural emigration trends in Taiwan. This section touches upon agricultural population, as well as emigration quantity and ratio in agricultural labor. The second section describes the relationship between emigration pattern and crop index, which is further divided into three aspects. 1. After Second World War, agricultural population was stable with little emigration. After 1966, higher emigration led to falling multiple-crop index. 2. Observe the relationship between agricultural emigration and multiple-crop index in different regions. Regions with lower multiple-crop index are capable of attracting agricultural labors from other regions. On the other hand, agricultural emigration is more prominent in regions with higher multiple-crop index. This pattern happened before industrialization. However, with advanced industrialization and urbanization, this pattern becomes irregular. 3. Compare relationships between different emigration patterns and multiple-crop index in farming families. Commuting migrants are correlated to high multiple-crop index. These migrants contribute more labor to agricultural operations than others (permanent and seasonal migrants). In other words, farming families with higher multiple-crop index require more partial labor from migrants in family. The third, fourth, and fifth sections explore migrant attributes and occupations, migrant roles and contributions to multiple-crop farming, and trends in migration ratio and multiple-crop index.
No keywords available.
Abstract
Publications and studies on population policies in China generally focus on policies or birth control methods. However, descriptions and analyses on key incidents and mean communist practices that influenced population policies from 1949 to 1962 are insufficient.
Main theories and practices in China come from Marxist ideas. Decisions in Chinese Communist Party are dominated by figures believe in Marxism. Karl Marx believes that surplus population issue only happens in capitalist societies, caused by problematic political and economic systems. In his theory, surplus population issue doesn’t happen in socialist countries. In 1949, Chinese communists decided that higher population would be helpful to infrastructure development, and there were always solutions even population multiplied by several times. When people talked about birth control in the late 1950s, Chinese communists countered that each person had one mouth to eat but two hands to work. In other words, they didn’t think surplus population was an issue.
Communists thought that all problems could be solved by thoroughly implementing Marxist theories in political and economic systems. From 1949 to 1957, it executed political struggles, land reforms, agricultural and business nationalization, and industrial development based on Soviet models. However, falling agricultural yields and consumer goods led to social unrests and complaints within Communist Party. From late 1956 to summer 1957, Communist Party claimed to welcome criticism. Many intellectuals proposed to solve economic issues with birth control (demographic methods). As the situation gradually got out of control, communists started to punish scholars with western training backgrounds. Birth control movement was suddenly terminated in summer 1958. Great Leap Forward from 1958 to 1961 aimed to direct surplus population to hard labor. As Great Leap Forward failed, China became a major food importer from 1961 to 1962. Birth control policy proposed to punished intellectuals was forced to reinstate in 1962.
Main theories and practices in China come from Marxist ideas. Decisions in Chinese Communist Party are dominated by figures believe in Marxism. Karl Marx believes that surplus population issue only happens in capitalist societies, caused by problematic political and economic systems. In his theory, surplus population issue doesn’t happen in socialist countries. In 1949, Chinese communists decided that higher population would be helpful to infrastructure development, and there were always solutions even population multiplied by several times. When people talked about birth control in the late 1950s, Chinese communists countered that each person had one mouth to eat but two hands to work. In other words, they didn’t think surplus population was an issue.
Communists thought that all problems could be solved by thoroughly implementing Marxist theories in political and economic systems. From 1949 to 1957, it executed political struggles, land reforms, agricultural and business nationalization, and industrial development based on Soviet models. However, falling agricultural yields and consumer goods led to social unrests and complaints within Communist Party. From late 1956 to summer 1957, Communist Party claimed to welcome criticism. Many intellectuals proposed to solve economic issues with birth control (demographic methods). As the situation gradually got out of control, communists started to punish scholars with western training backgrounds. Birth control movement was suddenly terminated in summer 1958. Great Leap Forward from 1958 to 1961 aimed to direct surplus population to hard labor. As Great Leap Forward failed, China became a major food importer from 1961 to 1962. Birth control policy proposed to punished intellectuals was forced to reinstate in 1962.
No keywords available.
Abstract
he close relationship between migrations and socioeconomic changes is a consensus among social researchers and economists. However, very few evidence-based studies are conducted to support or deny this hypothesis. This article aims to explore the relationship between migration and socioeconomic change. Objectives include: 1. Understand historical relationship between socioeconomic changes and migrations. 2. Identify the relationship between socioeconomic development level and migration. 3. Explore the relationship of socioeconomic change and migration in the same period.
This study is designed slightly different from traditional methods. We adopt three individual variables and two levels in this analysis. The first individual variable represents socioeconomic changes in the ten years before migration. The second variable represents socioeconomic status when migration starts. The third variable represents socioeconomic changes during migration.
To understand general relationship between socioeconomic factors and migration, the studies adopts multiple variable regression analysis. To verify the hypothesis that migration and socioeconomic change influence each other, we adopt path analysis.
Data mainly come from US population survey reports in 1950, 1960 and 1970.
In general, this study supports that socioeconomic change influences migration, and migration influences socioeconomic change.
This study is designed slightly different from traditional methods. We adopt three individual variables and two levels in this analysis. The first individual variable represents socioeconomic changes in the ten years before migration. The second variable represents socioeconomic status when migration starts. The third variable represents socioeconomic changes during migration.
To understand general relationship between socioeconomic factors and migration, the studies adopts multiple variable regression analysis. To verify the hypothesis that migration and socioeconomic change influence each other, we adopt path analysis.
Data mainly come from US population survey reports in 1950, 1960 and 1970.
In general, this study supports that socioeconomic change influences migration, and migration influences socioeconomic change.
No keywords available.
Abstract
In developing countries, radio is still regarded one of the most effective communication tools. It’s widely used to influence many undereducated listeners. Effective family planning in Taiwan uses radio programs as a communication channels. It can be a good reference to other developing countries to counter rapid growth in population with family planning.
The study explores family planning radio program contents and strategies from two aspects. It analyzes deciding factors behind radio contents and channels from perspectives of communication designers and planners. We also evaluate their orientations towards content and channel. On the other hand, it analyzes content in radio literature to understand decision-making patterns and models. We also evaluate the relationship between decision makers and communication practices.
The study finds out that decision makers in family planning communication mostly handle contents and channels with a reasonable and objective standard, in response to social development needs. Radio is mainly used to reach rural residents with lower education backgrounds without other communication media. Medium choice and contents are designed based on academic and professional advices. Radio theater is the most common format. Contents evolve from family planning introduction, general family planning news distribution, generating motivations, to changing social norms. This model is developed based on real social needs, and messages are suitable for personal mental status and social circumstances. The study verifies two hypotheses: 1. Family planning communication decision makers and their orientations towards ratio contents and formats influence the actual messages. 2. Family planning communication decision makers and their orientations towards channels influence the final media. In conclusion, orientations and decisions by decision makers are consistent. This new hypothesis on the relationship between orientation and action can be used for further studies.
The study explores family planning radio program contents and strategies from two aspects. It analyzes deciding factors behind radio contents and channels from perspectives of communication designers and planners. We also evaluate their orientations towards content and channel. On the other hand, it analyzes content in radio literature to understand decision-making patterns and models. We also evaluate the relationship between decision makers and communication practices.
The study finds out that decision makers in family planning communication mostly handle contents and channels with a reasonable and objective standard, in response to social development needs. Radio is mainly used to reach rural residents with lower education backgrounds without other communication media. Medium choice and contents are designed based on academic and professional advices. Radio theater is the most common format. Contents evolve from family planning introduction, general family planning news distribution, generating motivations, to changing social norms. This model is developed based on real social needs, and messages are suitable for personal mental status and social circumstances. The study verifies two hypotheses: 1. Family planning communication decision makers and their orientations towards ratio contents and formats influence the actual messages. 2. Family planning communication decision makers and their orientations towards channels influence the final media. In conclusion, orientations and decisions by decision makers are consistent. This new hypothesis on the relationship between orientation and action can be used for further studies.
No keywords available.
Abstract
No English abstract available