本文主要目的在分辨一般人口學家與人口人類學家，研究人口遷移時態度上的不同。人類學對於人口遷移的探討注重人們的表現，而不只是對統計數字的討論：並研究人口學上的一些變項與人類社會文化的關係；不但注意同時限的研究觀念，更注意異時限的探討。本文以人類學的研究方式，配合實際資料，試著發展出有關人口遷移模式的分類，藉以說明臺澎地區，人口遷移的現象。澎湖人遷移臺灣本島的研究，若以歷史的角度來觀察，其移民模式受文化傳統與生活條件的影響，各時期移民特質及遷移方向而有不同。若就上述兩點為準，澎湖早期的移民模式乃屬同質性的移民模式，而後期的移民則屬異質性的移民模式。換言之，早期的移民特質和遷移方向，相同之處遠比後期移民為多。這與移民之選擇性（包含主動的與被動的）有關係。理論上一個地區人口遷移模式由同質轉變為異質並非單向的。人類學對於人口遷移的研究方式，也著重適應的探討，移民模式不同，而有不同的適應方法。同質與異質移民模式之建立，或將有助於對人口遷移，作進一步的探討。

The article mainly aims to distinguish different attitudes between demographers and population anthropologist on migration studies. Besides statistics, anthropology focuses on human actions in migration. It also studies connections between variables in demography and human cultures. It explores incidents in the same period and in different periods. This study combines demographic methodologies and real data to develop various migration patterns to explain phenomena in Taiwan and Penghu.
From a historical perspective, migration from Penghu to Taiwan is influenced by cultural traditions and living conditions. Migrant attributes and migration directions change in different times. The earlier pattern is more homogenous, while the latter pattern is more heterogeneous. In other words, migrant attributes and migration directions in earlier time is much diverse than those in later time. It’s related to migration options (active or passive). In theory, migration pattern in one area does not evolve unilaterally from homogeneous to heterogeneous.
When studying migration, anthropology also focuses on adaptation. Each pattern has different adaptation methods. Homogeneous and heterogeneous migration patterns will be helpful to future migration studies.

本文旨在討論晚近臺灣的發展政策對島內人口移動的影響及其在都市與鄉村所產生的問題，進而提供歐洲五國施行人口分散化政策的經驗供為我國減輕人口向都市集中的借鏡。
文中指出過去本省的發展政策著重工業發展及國際貿易，農業發展相對較少受到鼓勵。導致工商機關在臺北及高雄等大都會區快速發展。人口也從鄉村向這些都會地區高度集中，且移動人口的選擇性也低。高度集中型態及低度選擇型態人口移動的結果，一方面導致都市環境污染、交通擁擠、住屋短缺、公園及其他綠地缺乏及用水不足等問題，另方面導致農村的勞動力短缺、農產成長率降低、公共設施困難及領導及計畫人才流失等問題。有鑑於此，作者乃建議為緩和這些問題的滋長，應由改善發展及人口移動政策著手。可行的政策除現行的諸項農村建設方案外，也應包括對大都會發展的調節，更有效刺激不景氣地區的發展及推展區域計畫等。這些措施在歐洲英、法、荷、瑞、意諸國均有經驗，其推行的目的在達人口分散化，可供我國之參考及借鏡。

The article discusses how recent development policies in Taiwan influence internal migration and issues between cities and countryside. It also describes population decentralization policies in five European countries as references.
Development policies in Taiwan used to encourage more on industrial development and international trade, and less on agricultural development. As a result, industrial and business organizations grew rapidly in metropolises like Taipei and Kaohsiung. Population is also highly concentrated in urban areas with limited options. High concentration and few options in migration lead to urban pollution, traffic jam, housing shortage, greenery inadequacy, and water shortage. Other related issues in farming regions include labor shortage, lower produce growth, less public infrastructure, and brain drain. To mitigate these issues, the writer suggest improve development and migration policies. Besides current infrastructure projects, feasible policies also include urban development adjustments, regional development revival, and other regional programs. Experiences in Britain, France, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Italy for population decentralization can be references to Taiwan.

一般人口移動之研究分析的對象均以男性為主，或者男女兼顧不分性別。本文假設男性與女性之移動者因情況不一，而具有其不同的移動決定過程及型態，以對遷移者性別差異作一初步之研究，由此可估計遷移性別之不同對移出地及目的地之影響，作為決策單位的參考。本研究之資料取自農家查訪之原始資料，樣本數為臺灣中部500戶農家，研究對象為長期外移之就業人口，包括男性197人及女性88人，及未遷移而就業者包括男性452人及女性189人。首先將女性及男性遷移者之個人特性（年齡、排行、教育程度、職業、目的地）作一比較，發現男性外移者及女性外移者在年齡分配上差異相當顯著，而教育程度、職業及在家中排行則差異不顯著。遷移者的目的地有很明顯的差異，中部地區的女性大多遷往中部，而男性大多遷往北部。遷往南部者男女均少。至於移動傾向，男性及女性遷移者在不同年齡組，家長教育程度及家長職業三個變數有不同傾向，而在排行、教育程度、土地所有權、農家收入及家庭結構方面移動傾向相似。由此分析只可知男性及女性外移者之特徵及移動傾向，至於如何有效地解釋這些差異，還須作進一步之研究。

Most migration studies analyze males, or males and females together. This article hypothesizes that, due to different circumstances, male and female migrants have different decision-making processes and patterns. This is a preliminary study on gender differences in migration. The data come from 500 farming families in central Taiwan. It’s divided into long-term emigrants (197 males and 88 females), and workers stay in local areas (452 males and 189 females). After comparing personal attributes (age, sibling, educational level, occupation, and destination) in female and male emigrants, we notice a significant age difference. Education, occupation and sibling factors are similar. As to destination, females in central Taiwan mostly migrate within the region, while males mostly go north. Few males and females move to southern Taiwan. Male and female migrants have different movement orientations in three variables: age group, parent educational level and parent occupation. In variables like sibling, educational level, land ownership, family income and family structure, male and female migrants show similar movement orientation. These analyses only identify features and movement orientation among male and female migrants. Effective interpretations require further studies.

婦女之參與勞動及子女養育雙重任務之衝突，在進步國家中之研究證實對其生育力有抑制之作用。故工作經驗愈多者，其子女數亦愈少。然而研究落後國家婦女之勞動參與及生育力間之關係，並無一致之發現。或謂雙重任務之衝突仍然存在，故參與勞動者，其生育力顯然較一般為低；或謂無衝突存在，因在傳統式舊家庭中，子女之照顧養育可由父母以外之家人或親朋代勞，以致不影響其工作意願，因此其生育力變化不大，或沒有變化。本研究報告根據臺灣地區六十五年子女價值觀念調查之最新資料分析臺灣地區有偶婦女之勞動力參與和生育力間的關係，得知前者對後者之影響極微，而以教育程度、都市化等社會經濟因素之影響仍然較大。故建議值此人口成長率回升之際，除繼續加強學校人口教育宣導家庭計畫外，應鼓勵年輕婦女接受更高級之正規學校教育，以抑制其將來之生育期望，進而減輕臺灣人口之壓力。

Studies in developed countries show that, double responsibilities in workforce participation and child education suppress female fertility. Females with more work experiences tend to have fewer children. However, studies on females in underdeveloped countries do not show consistence connections between workforce participation and fertility. We can claim that conflicts between two roles exist, so working females have lower fertility. We can also claim the conflicts do not exist, as other members in traditional families can support in child education. Based on the latest survey in 1976, this article analyzes the connection between workforce participation and fertility among partnered females in Taiwan. Results show workforce participation has minimal influences to fertility, far less than educational level, urbanization and other socioeconomic factors. As population growth rate rebounds, it’s suggested to enhance family/population education on campus. Young females should receive longer formal education to reduce fertility expectations and to mitigate population pressure in Taiwan.

本文主要目的，在探討臺灣早期家庭計畫廣播節目的主題和傳播技巧，特別在探討是「插播」與「短劇」兩類傳播的內容主題，以及隨著此一主題相伴而生的，究竟是哪些其他的主題。同樣地，傳播策略中各種說服技巧的運用，多半非單獨、無系統地出現，何者較可能與其他技巧相伴而生，乃反映了傳播者對整個傳播政策和整個傳播過程的理解。採用內容分析法中的「相伴分析」即能指出各類主題和技巧相伴而生的模式。研究結果發現，早期宣傳著重在「插播」，以提供常識告知事實等較為具體的主題為主；晚期則相對地著重在「短劇」，以訴諸感情和認知等較高層次的心理需求為主。此外，不論是傳播主題還是說服技巧，均顯示了若干可資辨認的模式，或許可據以推論傳播的效果問題。

The article discusses themes and communication techniques in family planning radio programs in Taiwan in earlier times, especially with inserts and short plays. Most persuasive techniques in communication strategies do not appear randomly or in isolation. Techniques bundled together reflect on how communicators understand communication policies and processes. Paired analysis can identify patterns that combine themes and techniques. Results show that earlier campaigns focus on inserts to inform common senses and facts. Later efforts comparatively focus on short plays to appeal to emotion and awareness. Communication themes and persuasive techniques both offer several identifiable patterns to presume communication effects.

臺灣地區有偶婦女初次使用避孕方法效果上研究之結果：樂普、口服藥及保險套避孕方法之繼續使用率；使用十二個月後各為59.81%，34.30% 及33.72%，使用十八個月後各為49.64%，26.22% 及29.39%。
當使用一年六個月後各避孕方法之平均使用月數；樂普避孕方法者12.83，口服藥避孕方法者8.36個月及保險套避孕方法者8.15個月。
如果以人數計算避孕失敗率；樂普避孕方法之失敗率為3.33%，口服藥避孕方法之失敗率為2.47% 及保險套避孕方法之失敗率為3.81%。然而，若以一百婦女之使用避孕方法在十二個月中之失敗懷孕數來計算Pearl’s指數；則使用樂普避孕方法者有3.17個之失敗懷孕數，使用口服藥避孕方法者有3.63個之失敗懷孕數及使用保險套方法者有5.82個之失敗懷孕數；這些研究結果顯示著此三種避孕方法在實用上效果之差異並各種避孕方法間之效率順序。總而言之，為要提高避孕方法使用效果，仍需給於使用者，加強預先之衛生教育及預後之醫療或護理之諮詢追?。

It is a study on several contraceptive methods among partnered women in Taiwan. After 12 months, 59.81%, 34.30% and 33.72% of women continue to use Lippes loops, pills and condoms, respectively. After 18 months, the ratio is 49.64%, 26.22% and 29.39%, respectively.
Within 18 months, Lippes loops users continue for 12.83 months, pill users take 8.36 months, and condom users last 8.15 months, on average.
According to statistics, 8.33% of women failed to prevent pregnancy with Lippes loops, 2.47% with pills and 3.81% with condoms. To calculate Pearl’s index based on how many users out of 100 fail to prevent pregnancy, the number for Lippes loop, pills and condoms is 3.17, 3.63, and 5.82, respectively. Results show differences among these three contraceptive methods in efficacy and efficiency.
In conclusion, to increase contraceptive effects, it’s necessary to provide health education and medical consultations/follow-ups to users.