鑒於在過去短期間內臺灣地區都市化進行快速，又在都市化過程中都市及鄉村人口的數量及所占的比率呈再分配的現象，其人口的組合也發生重大變化，但迄未有詳細的研究，本文乃先進行探究都市與鄉村人口再分配及組合性質的變遷，進而分析城鄉人口再分配及人口變遷所引起的各種社會經濟問題。末後再建議政府採行可以有效解決各種問題的對策。本研究所概括期限在1964年至1974年的十年內。所用資料來自臺灣人口統計。
在未討論城鄉人口再分配及變遷之前，本文曾就過去學者對都市化水準下所定的各種不同概念與定義加以介紹，進而選用一種最常用且合適的概念，即都市人口占總人口的百分比以作為界定臺灣都市化水準的基礎。
在本研究所包含的時間內，本省都市化快速進行，人口大量並快速集中都市。在人口集中都市的過程中，都市地區人口的再分配顯出幾個重要性質：(1)大都市的增加量較小都市的增加量多；(2)新興都市人口增長率及較舊都市的增長率高；(3)農業區域內的縣轄市成長速度較其他都市的成長速度緩慢；(4)在最大都市範圍內的商業中心地區的居住人口有向四周圍新興市區及郊區鄉鎮外移的現象。另方面在鄉村地區人口重新分配的情形也出現兩個顯明的特性，即(1)圍繞大都市的鄉鎮人口淨移入量多，淨移入率也高；(2)農業縣份人口則呈大量移出。
再觀都市及鄉村地區人口組合的變遷，則發現幾種重要現象，將之略述如下：在都市地區人口年齡組合的重要變化是：(1)十四歲以下小孩人口所占比率減少；(2)十五歲至二十九歲青少年人口所占比率大增；(3)三十歲至三十四歲壯年人口所占比率大致不變；(4)四十五歲至六十歲的後期壯年人口及滿六十歲以上的老年人口所占比率也增加。再看都市地區人口性比率的變化，則發現全部人口的性比率下降，尤以二十歲至二十四歲與四十歲至四十四歲年齡層的青壯年人口為然，而四十五歲至四十九歲年齡層人口的性比率則呈增加現象。以上各種變化係由鄉村移入都市人口的某些特質所致成。這些特質是移動人口中青少年所占比率偏高，且這組容易移動人口中女性移動者所占比率也很高。
在鄉村地區人口組合變化的重要性質是：(1)小孩人口所占比率減少；(2)青年人口所占比率略為增加；(3)壯年人口所占比率維持不變；(4)中年及老年人口所占比率增加。這些現象顯出在鄉村地區一方面屆生育年齡青壯年人口移出致使小孩人口所占比率減少，另方面則由於過去二十餘年前出生率上升致使在研究所包括期間內青壯年人口雖大量移出，但其占全人口的比率仍有增無減。可見鄉村人口受自然增加的影響較之受移動的影響有過之而無不及。鄉村人口在性別組合方面的重要變化是，在不同年齡層人口的性比率的變化不同。其中二十五至二十九歲人口性比率增加，三十至三十四歲及三十五至三十九歲人口性比率則減少。此反映出在不同年齡層外移人口的性別選擇性的程度各不相同。其中青年移出人口中女性所占比率尤高，致使停留鄉村的青年人口中性比率提高。
鄉村與都市人口重分配及人口組合的變遷引發若干人口、區位及社會經濟問題。在都市地區由於人口快速增長連帶引發房屋短缺、交通擁擠、用水缺乏、失業率較高、環境污染、土地投機、食物供應受操縱、違章建築及社會衝突等問題。此外新都市的設施供不應求，農業地區內發展緩慢及最大都市內舊市區人口外移也引起若干問題。在鄉村地區由於人口移出及人口組合變化所引起的較嚴重問題則包括季節性的勞力短缺及青年男子求婚困難的問題等。
面對上述由於都市化所引起的人口區位及社會經濟問題，筆者在本文末後建議政府宜採行人口分散化政策，期使全省各地人口成長趨向均衡，並減少由人口集中所引起的諸種問題。此外也建議政府經由改善農產價格、推行農村工業化、發展農村居民的福利以改善農村生活條件，以便有效改善由都市化所引起的種種問題。

No English abstract available

一般遷移傾向之研究多偏向於比較遷移者與非遷移者在遷出地或目的地之特性，藉以了解人口移動之選擇性，甚少全盤探討區域間遷入後淨遷移人口之特性以及其所涉及的影響。本文係利用臺灣地區四十二個選樣區民國五十九年全年遷徙登記資料，就三個主要行政區域，市、鎮、鄉、分析其男性和女性遷移者之年齡、教育程度及職業別等特性。其中發現島內人口主要由鄉村流向都市，且都市淨遷入及鄉鎮淨遷出人口均趨向於年輕男女，高教育程度，以及從事於佐理、買賣、專門性、技術性等工作者，同時遷移於外縣市者比同縣市的移動者較為年輕且所受教育也較高。此等淨遷移人口之特徵，足以反映農村往都市之遷移主要為謀求都市待遇較高技術性工作，而青年且教育程度較高者比較適合都市工商業的需要，因此，都市的「拉力」似比農村的「推力」對臺灣地區內部的移動較有決定性的影響力。

No English abstract available

自家庭計畫大力推行以來，有關家庭計畫本身對生育率下降所能產生的影響，很受到一般學者及政策執行者的關注；因此，自一九六○年代後期，有關家庭計畫的成效及其對生育率影響的論述就不斷的出現。在這些論述中，因研究者著眼點的不同，依估量方式可大致歸為三類：第一種方式是直接衡量家庭計畫推行前後的生育率變化；第二種是由家庭計畫成果（即避孕方法接受數）估量它所能避免的孩子出生數，來分別闡述家庭計畫的成效；第三種方式則是採用迴歸分析的方法，欲將家庭計畫的影響力自各項社會經濟因子中提?出來，並藉以判斷家庭計畫或各項社會經濟發展對生育率的影響孰大。本文旨在概述學者利用這三種不同估量方法的研究，並討論此三種方法的優劣點，以為未來研究或工作的參考。

No english abstract avaliable

此篇文章無中文摘要

During July and August 1973 a survey was conducted for the purpose of evaluating the accuracy of the population coverage and the reported characteristics on the registration records. A representative sample of 160 neighborhoods (lins) was selected and al1 households and persons in these neighborhoods were, enumerated. The enumerated population was then compared to the registered population of each neighborhood.
All available evidence indicates that the population coverage in the Taiwan household registration systems is very good. With the exception of infants less than six months old, there are few people who are not included in the register. The possibility, exists that some persons are counted at two places of residence. However the evidence for such double counting is weak and the overcount is not likely to exceed two percent. Thus we can conclude that the total population count from the register is within two percent of the actual populition of Taiwan. This is a small error compared to the errors in population coverage of most censuses in other countries.
Previous studies have established that birth and death registration are excellent with the exception of infants who die soon after birth. This study establishes that data on age sex, marital status, and relation to head of household are also recorded with a high degree of accuracy.
The register is not as accurate in the population counts for small areasor the distributions of education, occupation, and industry. These inaccuracies relate to the difficulties of keeping up with changes of residence and changes of characteristics of the population. Although the law requires that such changes be reported promptly, within 15 days the penalties for failure to report are small and many people delay reporting these changes or fail to report them all together. Further errors are caused by people who change their offictal place of residence without moving in order to complete some legal transection or to be able to send their children to school in another district.
Delays and other errors in the registration of changes of address cause the populations of areas of in-migration to be undercounted and the populations of areas of out-migration to be overcounted. This study showed that the population of the Taipei Metropolitan area was under counted by about 8 percent and the population of rural and small urban towns was overcounted by about 5 percent. These are overages and there is probably considerable variation among individual areas.
Delays in the reporting of changes in level of education, occupation and industry have a similar effect on the distribution of these characteristics. The overage level of education measured from the registration records tends to be lower than the actual level of the population because of people who have failed to report changes in education. Distributions of occupation and industry from the register show excesses in the declining occupations and industries and deficits in the growing occupations and industries. The most extreme example was for employment in agriculture in rural and small urban towns. While the registration records showed that 58 percent of the employed population in sample neighborhoods were employed in agriculture, umeration of these same ne ighborhoods found only 41 percent of the population employed in agriculture-Clearly the household register has failed to keep up with the rapid transformation of the industrial structure of Taiwan.
The delays and omissions of the registration of changes of residence and changes of characteristics are serious problems for all registration systems and it seems doubtful that the registration system could be improved to the extent that it could provide more accurate small area data than a good census. Some improvements could, however be made. First, in several European nations with household registers, information on changes of addresses, employment, and other characteristks is collected by other government agencies which come in contract with the individuals and the information is passed on to the registration office without requiring the individuals to·make a separate reports ( see. T. Van Den Brink, 1954 and United Nations, 1970).
The accuracy of the records would also be improved if all migrants were asked to report their current level of education, occupation, and industry when they registered their change of address. At present, there is a tendency to simply copy these it ems from the household record at the place of origin without verifying that they are still correct.
Finally the delays in registration of changes of address could be reduced if the periods for which people could register as transients with the police were reduced and extensions were not granted. Under the current system, people can satisfy the law by registering as transients for periods up to six months and can renew these registrations without reporting changes the household registration officials.

本文論述亞洲各國家庭計畫推廣工作中，今後所需特別著重的方向，包括：一、研究避孕方法提供機構與使用者兩者間的接觸，尤其是面對面的溝通。二、如何改進避孕方法之延續使用，本文提供一些應作之實用研究。所提議的有些是International Committee for Applied Research in Population在1973年即已提出，但至今未施行之研究。三、公眾對各種大眾傳播所提供家庭計畫資料、消息來源的態度。這方面的研究至今未受重視。此文同時提供了適用於目前工作的傳播模式。四、比較各種不同教育方式的試驗性研究。如在臺灣試驗用男性家庭計畫訪視員。五、使用市場調查方法，研究各社會階層對避孕所持有的各種看法、想法、態度與行為。六、心理─社會需求的研究：如男孩偏好、夫婦間之溝通、及對事如何作抉擇的研究。總結而言，各國今後的研究工作，應更著重實用研究，並重視如何將研究所得結果，應用於實際工作之推行上。以臺灣為例，應修改有關鼓勵生育的各種法規、推廣學校人口教育、使男性更廣泛參與家庭計畫推廣工作、增加年輕人及未婚者對此方面的教育、擴大私人機構對此工作的參與，及設立一個人口研究學會與全國性的人口研究所。最近臺灣的人口成長率已降至1.55%。臺灣如能更進一步加強對人口之研究，則不難成為亞洲各國在此方面工作的楷模。

In most developing countries, with no exception of Taiwan, there are too much unskilled labor force, meanwhile there are also a great demand for manpower of higher level. Thus some places face with serious problem of unemployment or/and disguised unemployment while other industries find themselves difficult to locate people to fill important positions. The existence of this dilemma is basically due to rapid population growth and mistakes in negligence of previous population policy.
With a view for aiding manpower planning the objectives of this study are as follows:
1.to forecast the supply of rural labor force up to 1991.
2.to analyze the structural change of rural labor force between 1971 to 1976.
Data for present study were obtained from secondary sources such as Demographic Fact Book and Labor Force Survey Ouarterly. Cohort analysis was employed to forecast labor force supply, and component analysis was used to analyze its structural change. According to the proportion of agricultural employment, 361 townships and districts in Taiwan were classified into three categories, namely, Urbanized area, high rurality area, and medium rurality area.
The major findings of the present study were summarized as follows:
1. Taking into consideration of the effect of agricultural mechanization policy, from 1977 to 1991 the demand of agriculture labor force in rural area can be reduced by 520,000 persons, on the other hand, the supply of rural labor force in the same period will have a surplus of 390,000 persons. In other words, it is necessary to increase 910,000 non-farm-job opportunities in rural area during this period in order to absorb the surplus of rural labor force.
2. There was s close relationship between the magnitude of labor force change and urbanization. The more the urbanization an area was, the more increase of its total force would have. However the less urbanized area higher volume of natural increase.
3. There was an important sex differential in the changes of economic activity rates. During 1971~1976 period the changes of economic activity rates were greater among females than males. And the increase of female labor force was largely due to changes in socioeconomic factors, while for male it was due to natural increase.
4. There was a close relationship between migration and rurality. The more rurality a place was, the more its labor force would move out.