對於一個封閉人口而言，自然增加乃是決定其人口繁衍之規模與速度的動力來源。但是，自然增加率固然是測量人口成長的良好指標，卻是無法反映人口之年齡結構，因而不能正確掌握該人口特定年齡群體的生育與死亡風險，相對地，Lotka的穩定人口理論，改以淨繁殖率測量人口繁衍的水準。具體而言，穩定人口模型在固定年齡結構的假定之下，將人口成長的水準透過複合式年輪的繁殖函數而反映，所以，透過Lotka的人口再生方程式可以瞭解人口動力變遷之下的年齡結構變化。不過，正因穩定人口理論假定「穩定人口」條件，用以測量實際人口成長時，特別是劇烈轉型的人口而言，亦將相當程度失真偏誤。因此，擴展古典的穩定人口理論，針對非穩定人口測量其人口繁衍水準，已經成為近來的人口研究熱門課題。本研究即以NIR、古典Lotka模型、與variable-r模型三個途徑，分別比較臺灣人口成長，藉以獲得更佳的人口估計和瞭解臺灣的人口發展潛在問題。除此之外，即使完成生育轉型的社會，低度生育率對於稍後人口成長仍將產生相當程度的影響作用，此即所謂的「人口慣性效應」。所以，本文亦將特別著重於探討臺灣在生育率轉型變遷過程，其所產生的人口成長慣性效應與其後果。

Taiwan has been experiencing radical fertility transition over the past several decades. Initially, Taiwan struggled against the population explosion caused by high fertility level. However, depopulation nightmare is currently suffered by Taiwan's demographic regime. Classical Lotka's stable population model has extensively employed to study the relationship between vital dynamics and age structure. Keyfits suggested the population momentum approach by relating stable population model to population size rather than to age structure or vital dynamics. In this study, we adopt Keyfit's new formulation and apply it to the non-stable, or variable-r, demographic conditions in Taiwan. Based on the findings from non-stable population model, the momentum effect of population growth in Taiwan is more pessimistic than any image suggested by previous studies. Were we able to raising Taiwan's lowest-low fertility to the replacement level, it is going to losing the population size more than 25% in the future.

以老人居住安排的轉換是否與子女同住而言，可分為「由與子女同住轉為不與子女同住」和「由不與子女同住轉為與子女同住」二種類型。以往討論老人居住安排的轉換，大多以家庭價值觀解釋，強調感情因素，當老人有最大需要時，例如，健康惡化或從有偶變成無偶，更可能發生轉換為與子女同住。但現代化社會，經濟因素轉趨重要，用家庭價值觀解釋轉換，可能已有所不足，需要以交換理論補強。然而以往臺灣地區已完成之相關研究較少同時由這兩種觀點出發，以及缺乏適合分析之長期資料，致相關研究不足。因此，本文使用衛生署與密西根大學合作之「臺灣地區中老年身心社會生活狀況長期追蹤調查」縱斷面調查資料進行老人居住安排轉換的分析研究，觀察1989 年與1996 年前後7年之居住安排轉換行為，以檢視這兩種觀點對於居住安排轉換的解釋力。又，以往的相關研究大多以靜態變數為解釋變數，本文貢獻主要在於以動態的變數－相關變數前後期的變化－為解釋變數，檢視其對老人居住安排轉換的影響。結果發現：以家庭價值觀或以交換理論解釋老人居住安排的轉換，都獲得部分支持；但沒有足夠的證據支持健康惡化或從有偶變無偶是影響老人轉換為與子女同住的關鍵因素；相反地，與交換理論相關的重大經濟決策權的改變變得比較重要，造成更可能發生轉換為不與子女同住或與子女同住。隱含著家庭價值觀對老人居住安排轉換的影響逐漸式微，而交換理論的影響力則越來越強，可彌補以家庭價值觀解釋之不足。

The transition in living arrangements among the elderly based on whether to live with children is classified into ”transition to live apart from children among those living with children at baseline” and ”transition to live with children among those living apart from children at baseline”. The value placed on family was often used to explain the influence on living arrangements transitions in previous literature. Yet economic factors have become important in modern society, therefore we need to use exchange theory to strengthen the explanation on transitions. However this argument was not often discussed in previous literature in Taiwan, and the related research was lacking, owing to the insufficiency of long-term data which may be used for analysis. This paper, therefore, attempts to compare these two explanations through analyzing transitions, and to examine the effects of these two viewpoints on transitions. Using a longitudinal data source, the Survey of Health and Living Status of the Elderly in Taiwan, produced by the Department of Health, R.O.C. (Taiwan) and the University of Michigan, a multiple logistic regression model is used to observe the behavior of transitions in the 7 years between 1989 and 1996. The contribution of this article mainly lies in taking the dynamic variables, the changes of related variables between baseline and follow-up, as independent variables to examine the influence on the transitions. The empirical results of this paper show that both family value and exchange theory cause the living arrangements transitions, but there is not enough evidence to prove that a senior's health deterioration or the loss of a spouse was the major determinant of the transition to live with children. On the contrary, transitions of living arrangements are more likely to occur when a senior changes his/her role as the economic decision-maker into the non economic decision-maker of the household or vice versa. That implies the influence of family values on transitions is decreasing, and the influence of exchange theory is increasing.

本論文在澳洲布里斯本進行22個月的田野調查，深度訪談65位澳籍台裔，從符號互動論角度瞭解台灣移民如何在人際互動中建構自我認同並構連所歸屬的想像共同體。本文在理論耙梳與田野來回交錯中，發現Mead符號互動論在互動中構連自我認同與想像共同體的關鍵是「重要象徵符號」，不過，Mead似乎只考慮了一個共同體中「趨同」的重要象徵符號，但忽略和外部族群互動所產生的「區異」重要象徵符號也會形成族群邊界。本論文於是結合Mead符號互動論與Barth族群邊界理論，掌握「邊界」同時具備了「區分」（他族與我族）與「連結」（我族個體）兩種特質，比符號互動僅關注「趨同」面向，更能直指「認同」的核心：既是「差異」也是「同一」。研究發現，澳籍台裔離散認同是一個「混雜的想像共同體」，由三種族群想像共同體組成：「中國人共同體」、「台灣人共同體」與「澳洲人共同體」，源自三種共同體的離散認同有八種樣貌：「在澳洲的台灣人」、「也（不）是台灣人也（不）是澳洲人，或是不同比例的兩種組合」、「台裔澳洲人」、「華裔澳洲人」、「中國人或來自台灣的中國人」、「在哪裡就是哪裡人」、「國際人」與「亞澳居間人」。就台裔離散而言，離散認同的邊界不盡然維持，也不盡然腐蝕，有的只是邊界的跨越、矛盾與協商。面對全球化的多元發展，理解一群離散移民認同的方式應該關注其中的混雜與流動，離散族群在同一時間會歸屬於不同的共同體，「混雜的想像共同體」正在離散族裔內部浮現。

This research examined the diasporic identities of Taiwanese immigrants in Brisbane, Australia, using theoretical frameworks of both Mead's symbolic interactionism and Barth's theory of ethnic boundary to analyze the ethnographic observations and in-depth interviews the researcher conducted with 65 Taiwanese migrants in Brisbane, in order to understand how Taiwanese migrants construct self identities through interpersonal interactions and how they construct imagined communities. In Mead's symbolic interactionism, the crucial factor to articulate self identity and imagined community was the ”significant symbol”. However, Mead seemed to consider the ”identifying” significant symbols only within a community. He ignored the ”differentiating” significant symbols derived from inter-group contact which would also form an ethnic boundary. The researcher combined the theories of Mead and of Barth to demonstrate that boundary contains two characteristics at the same time: differentiating (my own group from other groups) and connecting (members of my own group). The combined approach complements Mead's symbolic interactionism, which focused primarily on identifying the commons, and better represents the core nature of identity: it is both difference and similarity at the same time.
The research results showed that the diasporic identities among Taiwanese immigrants in Australia are a ”hybrid imagined community” consisting of Chinese, Taiwanese, and Australian imagined communities. Eight kinds of ethnic identities originated from those three imagined communities: ”Taiwanese in Australia”, ”both (or both not) Taiwanese and Australian (or the combination of both types with various ratios)”, ” Taiwanese Australian”, ”Chinese Australian”, ”Chinese or Chinese from Taiwan”, ”Australian when in Australia, and Taiwanese when in Taiwanese”, ”global citizen”, and ”Asian Australian”. For Taiwanese diaspora, the boundary of diasporic identities could neither be completely maintained nor eroded. There are boundary crossings. It is fluid boundary that could be crossed, contradicted, and negotiated. The understanding of diasporic migrant identities under globalization and multicultural development should focus on the fluidity and hybridism within identities. Diasporic groups belong to different communities at the same time. The ”hybrid imagined community” is emerging within diasporic groups.

本文嘗試以現行之廿三縣市制為臺灣地區建立日治時期的人口統計，以使戰前和戰後的資料得以銜接一致。行政區域常因各種人為因素而時有分割、合併等重劃調整，因此造成某特定區域之長期人口統計數據在時間上前後紊亂、無法連貫的現象。而此現象素為研究長期人口變遷的一大障礙。以臺灣地區而言，自日治時期以來歷經多次行政區域調整，故歷來相關的研究文獻往往受限於上述現象，而無法呈現人口變遷之長期趨勢。故本文嘗試利用現今所行之兩直轄市與廿一縣市的行政區域架構，透過回溯其相對應區域的各年人口資料，銜接日治時期與戰後時期之人口統計，期有助於一致性人口統計之更長期資料之建立、及相關議題之展開。