第四十六期人口學刊2013.06 出刊


本期目錄
Contents


本期《人口學刊》特別規劃了「海外臺灣移民」(Taiwanese Migrants)專題,提供關於學界有關國際遷移的更多想像、研究成果與對話。在研究論文方面,共收錄四篇涵蓋人口遷移、性別結構、社會文化與空間認同的跨領域研究論文,不僅有過往歷史的回溯與研究,也包含新穎的研究主題與研究對象,在研究成果上也有前瞻性的斬獲,期許讀者能夠透過本期專題,不僅鑑古知今,也得以共同思考國際遷移在知識與實務上的意義。

首先,林平的文章是以東莞臺商子弟學校與華東臺商子女學校的學生作為研究對象,探討臺商子弟在兩岸之間遷移的求學過程,以及對他們身分認同的影響。臺商子弟具有其特殊性,他們移居中國大陸後並沒有進入當地的教育體系,而是在就讀依循臺灣教育體系的海外學校。林平透過擔任東莞臺商子弟學校與華東臺商子女學校兼任教師的機會,實際相處並深入研究兩校學生在「就學中」與「畢業後」身分認同的差異,並藉由「長時間參與」與「不同時間點比較」來討論這樣特殊的求學經驗對他們身分認同的影響。

江柏煒的文章主要是以金門在19至20世紀的歷史變遷為背景,突顯了政府當局對金門地方生活的介入是如何影響當地人民的生活。尤其是對於人口結構與性別政治的影響特別深遠,這可以讓讀者注意到歷史變遷與地方社會史的關係,是十分重要的研究議題。在性別政治的議題上,江柏煒提到茶室作為軍隊默許出現在金門的性產業,「是一種性別政治的策略運用」,而結論指出金門由「僑鄉」轉變為「戰地」的過程中,「歷經了一種關於性別政治的社會文化變遷」。就研究取向而言,本篇文章以人口流動和性別政治作為焦點,強調處理地方史等微觀歷史和國族史等鉅觀歷史之間的連結。

湯熙勇的文章則是從歷史的角度切入,探討1950-70年代臺灣人移居巴西的背景,從史料對於當時的社會脈絡進行耙梳。過去有關臺灣移民的研究,多聚焦在北美及紐澳,對中南美洲的移民著墨有限,臺灣人移民巴西於1977年居於第四位,因此這方面的研究空白很需要填補。本篇文章以歷史及檔案研究法,從移民政策與措施及人民的角度觀察,以巴西政府提出招攬臺灣移民之例子,探討臺灣政府對移民的態度,並說明臺灣人對官方政策的反應與態度。本研究為未來進一步的探討鋪路,對臺灣移民研究範疇的資料整合而言,具有重要的貢獻。

徐榮崇的文章以一點五代年輕移民在臺澳之間的移動過程,探討其移民的動因、家庭及個人的考量,乃至對兩國的適應及流動做探討。透過跨國主義的概念,本篇文章以地理學研究的方法、交叉比對的方式,藉由深度訪談探討這種國際遷移所造成的影響。徐榮崇點出過去學界忽視「移民時間」,因而視移民遷徙及回流是一固定流向,但本研究結果指出其實不然,因為移民的時間點會影響移民回流的結果。本篇文章具有學術參考價值,其採行的多元研究方法值得重視。

這四篇論文的主題皆不相同,並且代表了研究上的典範轉移。人口的移出或移入,不單純是個人或家庭層次的議題,一定程度上受到外在政經局勢的影響。這種全球及區域性的遷移現象,在這四篇論文當中隱約可現,特別是金門的個案研究。透過這個專題,建議臺灣未來的移民研究應該與國際關係及區域研究結合,朝向跨領域的方向發展,我也誠心希望這將會推動年輕學者未來在此領域的研究與深耕。

我在此特別感謝國立中正大學的林平副教授與臺北市立教育大學的徐榮崇教授,本期「海外臺灣移民」(Taiwanese Migrants)專題是由他們兩位所發想與規劃的。他們從2011年底開始籌備這個專題,隨後在2012年3月5日於中央研究院近代史研究所舉辦人口外移工作坊,本期專題所刊登的四篇文章都在這場工作坊中發表討論過。我在此也要感謝當日參與工作坊的幾位學術界同仁及研究生,特別是國立臺灣師範大學歷史學系的王秀惠教授。我們知道國際性的地理及人口學旗艦學刊,像是Annals of the Association of American Geographers及International Journal of Population Research皆曾經出版具有影響力的專刊。因此,本期專題是要展現臺灣學者在這個全球重要議題的研究工作成果,特別是臺灣的移出及移入人口都在逐年增加中。

在國際移民的領域中,跨國移民是現在最被廣泛接受的全球流動的新形式,它伴隨著全球化下的許多動態面向。在學術上而言,跨國主義已經變成一個跨科際的議題,使得在實務應用、理論發展及相關政策實施上,變成是一種挑戰。雖然我們現在已經取得相當大的進展,但若是我們要建構出一個概括化的結構,使得我們能夠更加理解人口現象在全球和地理上的多樣性,以及它的動態和進程,仍然還有許多實證及理論工作正在等待著我們。

其次,本期專題也收錄了四篇有關「國際遷移」專書的書評,這四本書籍是Janet W. Salaff等人所合著的Hong Kong Movers and Stayers: Narratives of Family Migration、Manying Ip 主編的Transmigration and the New Chinese: Theories and Practices from the New Zealand Experience、Nan M. Sussman的Return Migration and Identity: A Global Phenomenon, A Hong Kong Case,以及Lok C. D. Siu的Memories of a Future Home: Diasporic Citizenship of Chinese in Panama。這些在全球不同地區發生的遷移現象,由不同學者作深入淺出的分析評閱,有助於讀者更進一步地閱讀全書。

最後,本學刊過去所刊登的文章大多數都是研究論文。我們歡迎學界同仁嘗試不同類型的投稿,從多元角度及觀點刺激學界對於重要議題和現象的思考和分析。

研究論文

DOI : 10.6191/jps.2013.1

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移民 ; 青少年 ; 認同 ; 臺灣 ; 中國大陸 ; Migration ; adolescent ; identity ; Taiwan ; Mainland China
中文摘要
大部分針對青少年移居者的研究是以境內少數族群的青少年為對象,認為他們在當地國生活與教育的經驗,會使他們在一定程度上融入主流社會,形成一個雖同時包含兩地,但以當地社會為主的身分認同。本文則是針對一群特殊的青少年,他們移居海外後並沒有進入當地的教育體系,而是在當地就讀依循母國教育體系的海外學校,進而討論這樣特殊的經驗對他們身分認同的影響。本文資料來自筆者2004-2005年於「東莞臺商子弟學校」與「華東臺商子女學校」兩地擔任兼任教師期間的觀察,以及2008-2012年期間持續資料收集,來討論當事人在兩校就學期間及畢業後身分認同的轉變。筆者發現,臺商學校成功發揮了臺灣「替代品」的角色,使當事人在就學期間都明顯表示認同臺灣。但是這種缺乏在臺灣實際生活經驗的身分認同,使他們在畢業後不論是返臺升學,或是留在中國大陸升學但短暫返臺,都很快的感到不適應,彷彿「僑生」般的失落與疏離。另一方面,他們在臺商學校及中國大陸的生活經驗,使他們原先以臺灣為標的之身分認同,逐漸轉變成一個以「臺商學校」(或臺商社群)為核心,第二圈是「臺灣」,第三圈是「中國大陸」,形成一個超越「臺灣」或「中國」二分法的身分認同。
Abstract
Most research on the identity of immigrant adolescents concentrates on the 1.5- and second-generation minorities. Because they are living and educated in the host country, their identity with the home country is limited. This paper focuses on a special group of adolescents. Although they have moved abroad, they do not study at schools provided for the local students. These adolescents enter schools which follow the curriculum of their home country. By analyzing their experiences at these schools and life after they graduate, we may know how this type of ”overseas education” affects the identity formation of these adolescents.The data of this paper is based on the author’s participant observation in two Taiwanese Schools (Dongguan and Huadong) in Mainland China in 2004-2005, and informal interviews with graduates in 2008-2012. All of the respondents clearly claimed their Taiwanese identity while they were students. However, this Taiwanese identity was based not on respondents’ experiences in Taiwan but on their life at these two schools, which functioned as ”surrogates” of Taiwan. Because this Taiwanese identity was not built upon real experiences in Taiwan, they felt alienated as outsiders when they returned to and associated with people in Taiwan. After moving back and forth across the Strait for several years, they developed a new sense of Taiwanese identity. Although these graduates still identified themselves as Taiwanese, they gradually came to perceive the Taiwanese community in Mainland China as the core, surrounded by Taiwan and Mainland China as the periphery, of this target of identity. In this multi-layer form of Taiwanese identity, these graduates gradually came to regard the Taiwanese communities overseas, rather than Taiwan or Mainland China, to build up their memories of a future home.

DOI : 10.6191/jps.2013.2

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華僑 ; 移民 ; 冷戰 ; 性別研究 ; overseas Chinese ; migration ; cold war ; gender studies
中文摘要
19至20世紀的金門歷經劇烈的歷史變遷,其中一個關鍵因素是人口遷徙。1840年代以後,大量青壯人口出洋謀生,其中東南亞各埠、日本長崎及神戶為主要的僑居地。人口的跨境流動對地方社會產生幾個層面的影響:一是部分累積財富的華僑除了贍養家眷外,亦挾其資本返鄉建屋以光耀門楣,且參與地方事務以貢獻桑梓;二是出洋人口多為男性,僑鄉社會性別比例不均,婦女「母代父職、妻代夫職」,角色吃重。1949年以後,金門成為兩岸熱戰、國際冷戰的軍事前線,大量軍隊進駐金門的結果:一是軍人消費經濟的興起,一改前期仰賴僑匯的支助;二是性別結構完全翻轉,成為一個以男性為主的封閉社會。本文在地方史料與田野調查的基礎上,以19世紀中葉至20世紀後期的金門為例,探究因人口流動所衍生之社會文化變遷。首先,分析在1840年代至1949年間金門做為僑鄉的歷史情境,包括男性人口外流、華僑商紳階層的興起、僑匯網絡的建立、僑鄉婦女的處境等。再者,探討1949-1992年間金門做為兩岸對峙、世界冷戰的前線,戰地體制如何維持有效性、海外華僑網絡如何賡續、華僑如何代替地方社會發聲的史實,以及男性軍人移入所造成的性別結構不均所衍生的社會危機與對策等。最後進一步指出,20世紀的金門從人口流出、外來僑匯、開放流動的僑鄉變成人口流入、內需產業、封閉禁錮的戰地,其實是歷經了一種關乎人口遷徙、性別的社會文化變遷。
Abstract
Quemoy (Kinmen) is an island close to Quanzhou (Zaitun) and Xiamen (Amoy) port. A large of number of its residents immigrated to Southeast Asia as well as Nagasaki and Kobe in Japan in search of a living after the 1860s. After they eventually accumulated wealth, these transnational overseas Chinese brought their capital back to Quemoy to participate in family, clan or public affairs. In addition, the gender proportion of the population of Quemoy became unbalanced, so women played a major role in local society. After 1949, Quemoy became a battlefront between the KMT and the CCP, as well as the frontline in the confrontation between Cold War blocs. Under military administration, the power of traditional lineages was suppressed and their connections with their fellow countrymen living abroad were severed. For forty-three long years, until 1992, Quemoy was transformed from an open hometown of overseas Chinese into a closed battlefield and forbidden zone.This paper tries to discuss the relationship between social-cultural change and population flow in the modern history of Quemoy. First, I will analyze the historical situation in the society there, including emigration of its young men, the rise of an overseas merchant-gentry class, economics of remittance and its cultural landscape, women's life histories etc. Secondly, I deal with the social reality of Quemoy as a battlefield, including immigration of soldiers, the impact of military governance, the influence of soldiers' consumption, and the social crisis due to the gender imbalance and the military authority's response. Finally, I will generalize from two different social-cultural changes for population flow and gender politics in modern Quemoy.

DOI : 10.6191/jps.2013.3

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臺灣人 ; 巴西 ; 聖保羅 ; 移民 ; 南美洲 ; Taiwan ; Taiwanese ; Brazil ; São Paulo ; immigrant
中文摘要
1950年代,巴西政府為了開發其廣大的土地資源,向臺灣政府建議自臺灣移民至巴西,成為臺灣輿論討論的議題。對於巴西政府的建議,臺灣政府的態度與臺灣人民的反應為何,這是本文探討的目的。臺灣政府對臺灣人移民巴西的態度保守,但是臺灣人為了尋求良好的生活環境,移民巴西的意願很高。臺灣人民以家庭為移民單位,搭船或飛機抵達聖保羅或海息飛等城市;但是也有臺灣人經由巴拿馬或巴拉圭,非法進入巴西,其後,還是獲得巴西政府提供居留許可。移民巴西的臺灣人中,有農夫、退伍軍人、商人等,在巴西的鄉村從事農業種植,或在城市經營小型貿易或開餐館。移民巴西的臺灣人,以從事提包生意作為開始。為了推銷生意,他們必須克服說葡萄牙語的障礙,努力地在巴西尋求較好地生活。臺灣人移民巴西的故事,已經成為臺灣移民史的一部分。
Abstract
This paper focuses on the attitude of Taiwan's government toward the immigration of Taiwanese people to Brazil and their reactions. In the 1950's, the Brazil government arranged with the Taiwan government for Taiwanese people to immigrate to Brazil to promote the development of agriculture, but after several years, the government of Taiwan halted this out of fear that young Taiwanese immigrants would not return, and would thus not be available to help fight against military attacks from mainland China. However, in order to look for better living conditions, in the 1960s a number of Taiwanese families emigrated to Brazil, arriving by ship or by airplane at the port city in São Paulo. Also, many Taiwanese entered Brazil via Panama and Paraguay illegally, later obtaining legal resident status.Early Taiwanese immigrants were mainly farmers. Later groups of retired military veterans and small merchants either farmed or started small commercial activities. During the following years, most immigrants abandoned their agricultural activities and established stores specializing in Taiwan's products or Chinese restaurants, and stayed in the city of São Paulo. Taiwanese immigrants endeavored to make a better living in Brazil. Many devoted themselves to the handbag business, as it required only a small amount of start-up money. In order to do business with customers and to sell their goods, Taiwanese immigrants also worked hard to overcome the language barrier. In fact, the story of Taiwanese migration to Brazil has been a major part of the history of Taiwanese immigrants.

DOI : 10.6191/jps.2013.4

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回流 ; 澳洲 ; 遷移 ; 適應 ; 迴圈移民 ; return migration ; Australia ; migration ; adaptation ; circular migration
中文摘要
本研究主要透過跨國主義的概念,探索臺灣一點五代年輕移民在臺、澳兩地間的適應情形對回臺決策的影響。在方法上,針對22位曾居住於布里斯本、雪梨和墨爾本的年輕移民進行深度訪談,並將訪談結果加以群聚歸類,從「在澳洲的適應」、「回流過程」與「回臺後的適應」三動態移動過程,用矩陣將影響因素進行交叉分析,並以此建構一個關係樹狀圖,得以分析各影響因素之間的關係。發現影響年輕移民移動的因素包括社會環境、家庭與個人等不同尺度因素。因素間交互影響讓決策成為一個動態的過程,不但具有跨國性思維也受到社會網絡影響,而這樣的決策情形挑戰了傳統對回流定義的觀點。
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to explore the adaptation and movement of 1.5-generation Taiwanese immigrants between Australia and Taiwan under the concept of transnationalism.A variety of research methods are used in this study to explore the research questions. These are followed by a series of in-depth interviews of twenty-two young Taiwanese immigrants who have settled in Brisbane, Sydney and Melbourne to investigate in detail the factors of decision making in the process of ”return.” The relationship among the factors is analysed by cross matrix, and the relation tree is formed to conclude the scenario.This paper has explored the adaptation experience of the 1.5-generation Taiwanese migrants in Australia and Taiwan. These migrants mainly interworked by different scale factors of ”Social,” ”Family” and ”Individual” and constructed in the dynamic process of moving decision while engaging in transnationalism. They also need to construct the social network for the home and host countries. The dynamic strategies of the young migrants behind the transnational movement challenge the traditional notion of ”return migration.”

學術活動紀實

DOI : 10.6191/jps.2013.5

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No keywords available.
中文摘要
此文章無摘要
Abstract
No abstract available.

書評

1. Memories of a Future Home: Diasporic Citizenship of Chinese in Panama,
by Lok C. D. Siu, Stanford, Stanford University Press, 2005. ISBN 978-0804758468
- David Ip

2. Transmigration and the New Chinese: Theories and Practices from the New Zealand Experience,
by Manying Ip (ed.), Hong Kong, Hong Kong Institute for the Humanities and Social Sciences (Incorporating the Centre of Asian Studies), The University of Hong Kong, 2011.
ISBN 978-9628269587
- Ho Hon Leung

3. Return Migration and Identity: A Global Phenomenon, A Hong Kong Case,
by Nan M. Sussman, Hong Kong, Hong Kong University Press, 2011. ISBN 978-9888028849
- Menusha de Silva

4. Hong Kong Movers and Stayers: Narratives of Family Migration,
by Janet W. Salaff, Siu-lun Wong, and Arent Greve. Urbana and Chicago, University of Illinois Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0252077043
- Lan-Hung Nora Chiang ; Ping Lin ; Rebecca A. Stephenson