Since the 1980s dramatic changes in labor force and family structure have resulted in the difficulties to balance between work and family for many workers, the interference between work and family has developed into the conflict between these two domains and became the major source of stress for many workers. This study analyzed data from the 2005 Taiwan Social Change Survey (TSCS), which is a national representative sample. This study selected working married respondents from TSCS (sample size equals to 767), using ordered logit regression to examine the effects of work-family conflict on workers' job satisfaction and happiness. Specifically, this study investigates to what extent conflict dimension (including conflict based on time, behavior and stress), and interference direction (including work interference with family and family interference with work) affect workers' job satisfaction and happiness, and whether such effects differ by gender. The results show that job satisfaction and happiness are significantly affected by different dimensions of work-family conflict; among them time-based and strain-based conflict have the strongest influence on individual well-being. Furthermore, in regards to interference direction, only work interference with family has a significant negative effect on job satisfaction and happiness. As a whole, the effects of conflict dimension and interference direction on job satisfaction and happiness do not differ by gender.

This study projects the future numbers of elderly care-dependent persons over 2011-2056 in Taiwan. The projections involve the future trends of elderly population and disability prevalence rates. Instead of using the cohort component method, the GEMTEE model -- a computable general equilibrium model with both investment and demographic dynamics -- is adopted to provide the forecast for Taiwan's elderly population. Our results show that: (1) The number of disabled elderly people is expected to increase sharply by 100%, i.e., twofold, over the next 20 years and by almost fourfold in 2056. This rapid growth calls for the development of sufficient formal and informal care delivery services to meet the future needs. (2) As compared to the forecasts based on the population projection of National Development Council, our estimates are lower and can serve as a lower bound. (3) By 2056, the number of disabled elderly women will be almost twice as many as which of men, which indicates the long-term care will face a significant gender imbalance problem. The government should give urgent attention to the development of a range of delivery options for gender-friendly living, medication, and caregiving support to meet the challenges of the growing gender imbalance.

The present study examines the ethnic self-identification, ethnic attitudes, and self-esteem of children from families of Taiwanese males and Southeast Asian female immigrants in Taiwan. Subjects were 78 5thto 6th-grade elementary school students, who responded to a questionnaire inquiring about their self-ascribed ethnic identity, ethnic attitudes (how they evaluated paternal and maternal ethnic groups), and self-esteem (how they thought of themselves). Results showed that 48 of 78 (61.5%) children identified themselves as bi-ethnic, 18 (23.1%) as exclusively paternalethnic, and 10 (12.8%) as situational; only one child identified herself as exclusively maternal-ethnic, and one child as belonging to neither group. Furthermore, it was found that these children's ethnic attitudes were affected by the interaction of ethnic self-identification and ethnic categorization. Specifically, the bi-ethnic children displayed significantly more positive attitudes toward their paternal ethnic group than did children of situational identity, and displayed significantly more positive attitudes toward the maternal ethnic group than did children of paternal-ethnic identity, who in particular demonstrated conspicuously differential attitudes toward parental ethnic groups. Finally, children who held more positive attitudes towards the paternal or maternal ethnic group tended to report better self-esteem; however, when comparisons were made among these children, the bi-ethnic children reported significantly greater levels of self-esteem than did children of paternal-ethnic identity. Factors contributing to diversities of ethnic selfidentification and ethnic attitudes as well as implications for future research are discussed.

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