近二、三十年來中國海內外人口之生育行為正以急遽的步調作重大的演變，自由中國、新加坡及香港的中國人口都在快速經濟發展及現代化的影響下，將生育水準調節到維持人口穩定滋生的狀況，中國大陸上的人口卻在生育社會化的集體計畫模式下，強制實行「一胎化」的人口政策。本文將這些不同生育計畫的特質、施行方法及過程，以及對社會、經濟及人口質量的影響作了詳盡深入而客觀的比較分析，以冀其分析結果作為開發中國家解決其人口膨脹問題之基本參考。

Over the past 20 to 30 years, fertility actions among Chinese populations have been changing drastically. Chinese populations in Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong, under rapid economic developments and modernization, have modified birth rates to stable population growths. On the other hand, populations in Mainland China are forced to implement one-child population policy, under collective planning model. The article conducts detailed, in-depth and objective comparison analysis on how features, implementations and processes of these fertility planning programs influence social, economic and population quality. These results should be a basic reference for developing countries in response to their population expansion issue.

本文探討1966年臺灣各地（縣和主要城市）現代化水平和無子女率的關係。第二次世界大戰以後，臺灣具有著經濟迅速發展和生育率顯著下降的特點。此文指出，臺灣各縣、市的無子女率具有顯著的不同。一個現代化和發展的理論架構對各縣、市無子女率的差別提供了一個令人滿意的解釋。一般地說，經濟發展水平和無子女率是正相關的。我們發現，與欠發達地區相比，在較發達地區，較多的人自願地不生育子女。

This paper examines the relationship between modernization and childlessness in the localities (the hsiens and major cities) of Taiwan in 1966. Taiwan has been characterized by both considerable economic development since the end of World War II, and concomitant fertility decline. In this paper we show rather considerable variation in childlessness among its hsiens and principal cities. A framework based on theories of modernization and development is then shown to provide a satisfactory interpretation of this variability. Generally, among the Taiwanese localities, there is a positive association between levels of development and rates of childlessness. We find more childlessness, presumably voluntary, in the more developed localities, and less in the less developed areas.

本研究之目的在探討影響美國大學生對子女傳宗接代價值之因素，樣本取自美國俄亥俄州立大學選修普通社會學的129名學生。三組變項用以測定對子女價值的影響情形。第一組變項係社會與人口的因素包括個人背景如性別、居住地、兄弟姊妹數、宗教活動，以及情況因素如父母之教育程度與職業。第二組變項是心理與社會傾向，包括大眾媒介接觸、自控能力與宿命論等因素。第三組變項為對家庭計畫的態度，包括對墮胎的態度、節育的態度、使用避孕方法的態度及理想子女數等因素。逐步迴歸分析顯示，對家庭計畫態度，尤其是對墮胎態度及理想子女數為影響美國大學生對子女傳宗接代價值最重要的兩個變數。受訪者特性方面對子女價值少有預測力。情況因素的父母社會經濟地位與子女價值之關係並不如預期之重要。這可能是由於美國特有的文化及其教育與社會化制度使然。若與其社會比較，美國的小孩或青年有較多自由發展與逃避父母影響的機會，他們具有更獨立的思想，以及更多自決的哲理。心理與社會傾向因素對子女價值預測力也貢獻甚少，其解釋力不如預期之有力量；尤其是傳播媒介之接觸的解釋力更低。這種結果與文獻檢討之發現十分懸殊。四組變項對子女價值之解釋力為24.4%。本研究進一步以路徑分析法探究變數交互作用情形，結果顯示，背景因素與子女價值之間，間接影響量所佔比例大於直接影響量。然而其他變數如自控能力、對墮胎態度與理想子女數對子女價值影響，直接比間接重要。最後，本研究之樣本並非得自隨機抽樣，樣本數亦過小，僅為探測性的個案研究，故研究結果恐難概化到全體美國大學生，然本研究之發現提供進一步探討與分析子女價值的重要模式。

This article explores factors that influence how American college students think about the value of children. Samples come from 129 students who take general sociology course in Ohio State University. Three variables are used to evaluate influences on the value of children. The first set of variables is social and population factors, including gender, place of residence, sibling, religious activities, parent educational level, and parent occupation. The second set of variables is psychological and social orientations, including mass media exposure, self-control and fatalism. The third set of variables is attitudes toward family planning, including abortion, birth control, contraceptive method, and ideal number of children.
Stepwise regression analysis shows that attitudes towards family planning, especially abortion and ideal number of children, are two key variables to how American college students think about the value of children. Interviewees are less able to anticipate values of children. Socioeconomic status of parents is less important to the value of children than expected. It’s probably due to unique American culture, education and social systems. In the United States, children and youngsters have more opportunities to free development and avoid parental influences. They have more independent thoughts and self-determination. Psychological and social orientations also contribute very little, and less powerful than expected. Mass media exposure is even less influential. These results are very different from literature reviews. Four set of variables only contribute to 24.4% of value of children.
Path analysis is used to explore how variables affect one another. Results show that personal background factors influence value of children more indirectly than directly. Other factors, such as self-control, attitude towards abortion, and ideal number of children, influence value of children more directly.
Samples in this study are not obtained randomly, and the sample is too small. It’s an exploratory case study. Results probably do not represent American college students in general. These findings, however, offer materials to further analyze the value of children.

此篇文章無中文摘要

Though the studies of internal migration have accumulated a great deal of empirical findings and theoretical arguments about how people make the decision to more, the students are confused that on the one hand the gravity models present a world of regulated orderliness while on the other the migration differentials exhibit a chaotic situation where the decision to move depends on a whole set of individual characteristics. It appears that the two traditions of research have and probably would never meet each other unless efforts are made to bring them together. This paper interprets the gravity model of migration in the light of the Todaro model and relates it to the studies migration differentials. It is found that though the decision to move is a function of the relative opportunities in both the origination and destination, the function is also contingent on the characteristics of the individuals making the decision to move. A logit analysis of the probability of being employed in the urban-modern sector conditional on both the age and the schooling is presented. The results indicate that the structure of employment opportunities is the principal determinant of the probability while the level of schooling as an individual characteristic plays an important role in getting employed in the urban-modern sector.

本文論述亞洲各國家庭計畫推廣工作中，今後所需特別著重的方向，包括：一、研究避孕方法提供機構與使用者兩者間的接觸，尤其是面對面的溝通。二、如何改進避孕方法之延續使用，本文提供一些應作之實用研究。所提議的有些是International Committee for Applied Research in Population在1973年即已提出，但至今未施行之研究。三、公眾對各種大眾傳播所提供家庭計畫資料、消息來源的態度。這方面的研究至今未受重視。此文同時提供了適用於目前工作的傳播模式。四、比較各種不同教育方式的試驗性研究。如在臺灣試驗用男性家庭計畫訪視員。五、使用市場調查方法，研究各社會階層對避孕所持有的各種看法、想法、態度與行為。六、心理─社會需求的研究：如男孩偏好、夫婦間之溝通、及對事如何作抉擇的研究。總結而言，各國今後的研究工作，應更著重實用研究，並重視如何將研究所得結果，應用於實際工作之推行上。以臺灣為例，應修改有關鼓勵生育的各種法規、推廣學校人口教育、使男性更廣泛參與家庭計畫推廣工作、增加年輕人及未婚者對此方面的教育、擴大私人機構對此工作的參與，及設立一個人口研究學會與全國性的人口研究所。最近臺灣的人口成長率已降至1.55%。臺灣如能更進一步加強對人口之研究，則不難成為亞洲各國在此方面工作的楷模。

This article highlights directions that family planning campaigns in Asia should focus on in future, including:

• (1) How contraceptive methods create touch points between institutions and users, especially face-to-face communication.
• (2) How to enhance continuous usage of contraceptive methods. The article provides some possible research subjects. Some were proposed in 1973 by International Committee for Applied Research in Population, but never conducted.
• (3 )Public orientations towards family planning materials and information sources from mass communication channels. Studies in this area have not been taken seriously. The article provides communication models suitable to current works.
• (4) Experimental studies to compare various educational methods, such as male family planning surveyors in Taiwan.
• (5) Use market survey methods to study different social groups and their thoughts, ideas, attitudes and actions towards contraception.
• (6) Researches on psychological-social needs, such as gender preference, communication between husband and wife, and how decisions are made.

In general, studies in Asian countries should focus more on practical researches, and think about how to integrate results into actual works. Taiwan, for example, should amend regulations that encourage childbirths, promote population education on campus, involve more males to participate in family planning campaigns, increase educations on youngsters and unmarried groups, expand participations from private institutions, and establish a population study society and national population institute. Recently, population growth rate in Taiwan has fallen to 1.55%. If Taiwan can further enhance population studies, it can become a role model to other Asian countries.

此篇文章無摘要

This was an experiment to test both the feasibility of purchasing condom through mailing and the usefulness of small incentive, i.e. two dozens of free condom. It took women of Taipei City who registered their marriage during July 1981 as its population. 708 women were systematically selected from the population. The sample were again systematically assigned to three groups. The first group is named mailing-group who received only a letter explaining the way of purchasing condom by mail. The second one is so called interviewing-group. Women of this group were visited by interviewers and the explaining letter was handed to them in person. The third group is the free-group. They received both the explanatory letter and two dozens of free condom from interviewers. The three groups were followed up once to twice in a one-year interval. Three hypotheses were supported by the experimental data. They were: (1) The free-group were more sensitive to information regarding condom than the other two groups; (2)The condom acceptance proportion for the free-group was higher than that for the other two groups; (3)The free-group had a lower pregnancy proportion than the other two groups.

本文是以新事物的擴散（innovation-diffusion）理論為根基，採用地圖分析法（map-analysis），來探討臺灣地區在一九六一至一九八○年，家庭限制行為的變遷是否符合了人口轉型（demographic transition）過程中的需求擴散觀點（demand perspective）。在分析的架構上，本文參考了Hagerstrand的觀點，對下列四項因素：成長模式（Growth Patterns）、新事物與擴散的中心（Centers of Innovation and Diffusion）、擴展的管道（Channels of Spread）以及易接受新思想的因素（Receptivity Factors）等，分別加以討論。並應用寇爾崔素m值（Coale-Trusell’　　m）公式，以各區域已婚婦女年齡別生育率，計算生育轉型過程家庭限制行為之程度。　　本研究對臺灣地區縣市級及鄉鎮區級（屏東縣）的家庭限制行為分析中發現：(1)家庭限制行為存在著區域間差異：一九六○年代時臺北以及西部各重要都市呈現較高的寇爾崔素m值，而花東及非都市區卻呈現偏低的m值；至一九七○年代，各區m值均大幅增長，但以南部都市的成長較快，顯示了家庭限制行為需求面的擴散模式已漸不顯著，亦即都市到鄉村的擴散過程已縮短了城市間m值的差距。(2)傳播擴散的程度即寇爾崔素m值，在以屏東縣為範例的鄉鎮區級研究中，與距都會中心（urban center）的距離成負相關。但隨著時間的進展，距離的因素亦已不那麼顯著。(3)省籍因素代表了文化及方言在傳播成效上的差異，可反映出不同的語言習慣可能影響節育行為接受程度。如客家人的保守性，在屏東縣的研究中，便顯示了較閩南人為低的寇爾崔素m值，亦即較少家庭限制行為的發生。使用地圖分析方法，探討新事物的擴散模型，在臺灣家庭限制行為變遷過程中所扮演的角色，可說在方法上稍嫌薄弱。未來，對人口轉型過程中家庭限制行為的研究，應側重多變項的分析方式，以更進一步驗證擴散模式的假設。