This paper studies the educational, employment, and income status of Vietnamese and Filipina brides of American citizens, based on the merged micro data of the 2005, 2006, and 2007 American Community Surveys. We found that the Vietnamese brides tended to be much less educated than the Filipina brides. This difference, together with the fact that the former tended to be much weaker in English language ability than the latter, contributed to (1) the finding that the Vietnamese brides had a lower employment rate than did the Filipina brides, and (2) the finding that the economic niche of the employed Vietnamese brides (in the salon sector) tended to yield substantially lower wages than did the economic niche of the employed Filipina brides (in the medical service sector). Since better-educated brides had a better chance to get married to better-educated husbands, we naturally found that the husbands of the Vietnamese brides tended to be less educated than the husbands of the Filipina brides. However, the gap in educational attainment between the two groups of husbands was substantially smaller than the corresponding gap between the two groups of the brides. Underlying this gender difference was the fact that in addition to educational status, beauty and pleasant personality were also important criteria for selecting wives, and the possibility that beauty and pleasant personality were not positively correlated with educational status. With respect to household income, the gap between the two groups of brides was not large, partly because of the strong tendency of the Vietnamese brides toward hypergamy. A nice finding was that both Filipina and Vietnamese wives of American citizens were at rather low risk of being in poverty. The rather negative images of foreign brides in higher-income Asian countries conveyed by many ethnographic studies have been countered by our more sanguine finding about the Vietnamese and Filipina brides in the United States. With respect to the idea that women in lower-income countries tend to accept hypogamy at the personal level in order to achieve hypergamy at the societal level, it was moderately supported by the Filipina cases butlargely negated by the Vietnamese cases.

此文通過2005年至2007年美國社區問卷調查的微觀合併數據，來研究嫁給美國公民的越南和菲律賓外籍新娘的教育，工作，和收入之特徵。研究發現要點如下。由於越南新娘，在教育程度和英文能力上比菲律賓新娘低很多，所以導致了：（一）越南新娘的受僱傭率比菲律賓新娘的受僱傭率更低；（二）越南新娘在其經濟利基（沙龍業）獲得的收入比菲律賓新娘在其經濟利基（醫療服務業）獲得的收入要低。通常受過較高教育的新娘可獲得較高的機會嫁給受過較高教育的丈夫，所以越南新娘的美國丈夫之教育程度是低於菲律賓新娘的美國丈夫之教育程度。但丈夫們的教育程度之落差較新娘們的教育程度之落差則小很多。其原因是除了教育程度外，外貌和性格同時也是新郎在挑選新娘時考慮的重要因素，而外貌和性格則與教育程度無關。此兩組新娘之家庭收入差距更不大，部分原因則是越南新娘強烈地傾向於高攀婚姻。一個令人欣慰的發現是嫁給美國公民的越南和菲律賓新娘均很少落入貧困階層。這發現則與人種學研究常發現的那些在高收入亞洲國家的外籍新娘之不幸情況正好相反。文獻中的一個想法是，低收入國家的女性願意通過嫁給比自己的教育程度低的外籍丈夫來獲得融入高收入社會的機會。此想法在菲律賓新娘上只得到中度的支持，而在大多數的越南新娘上則是被否定。

在臺灣生育率持續下降的同時，住宅自有率卻呈現長期上升的趨勢，到底家戶的生育決策與購屋決策是否有關聯？或僅是時間數列上的巧合？本文發現生育率與住宅自有率、家戶可支配所得、有偶率、女性高等教育比率之間具有共整合的長期均衡關係，其中住宅自有率、家戶所得、有偶率在長期對生育率有正向影響，而女性高等教育比率在長期則對生育率有負向影響。生育率的短期變化除具有顯著的負向自我相關外，最為相關的因子就是家戶所得與女性高等教育比率，生育率與前一年和前兩年的所得都為正向相關，與前一年和前兩年的女性高等教育比率則為負向相關，但生育率與住宅自有率的短期關係不顯著，可能是因為住宅自有率對生育率的正負向關係相互抵銷所造成。

Taiwan's fertility rates have decreased over the past three decades, making it one of the lowest-low fertility countries in the world. However, its homeownership rates exhibited an opposite trend, increasing during the same period. Are these two time series trends related or merely coincidental? Our empirical results reveal that fertility rates are co-integrated with homeownership rates, household income, proportion of married couples, and percentage of higher educated females, which means there exists a long-term equilibrium relationship among these variables. In the short-term, in addition to a significant negative autocorrelation, fertility rates were mostly affected by lagging household income and the percentage of more highly educated females, but the influence of lagging homeownership rates was not significant.

臺灣地區近年來未婚及晚婚趨勢十分明顯，本文利用1982-2008年人力運用調查資料，分別透過集體層次以及個別層次資料，分析社會經濟層面中，勞動市場之經濟條件改變與女性結婚傾向之間的關連，以及哪些經濟因素與結婚率的下降最為相關。本研究主要實證結果發現，一地區的男性及女性的平均就業情形，與當地女性的結婚態度存有明顯關聯性。若一地區婚姻市場有利於男性就業，則當地女性結婚的可能性會提高，此一結果某一程度而言，支持Wilson（1987）所主張當婚姻市場上適合結婚的男人多時，有助於婚姻形成的假說。另一方面，本文實證結果也發現在女性在有較多工作機會的地區，女性傾向延長其搜尋潛在伴侶的時間，不婚的可能性也會提高，此一結果間接支持女性經濟獨立的論點。而本文關於男女就業率對於結婚率的發現，即使在考慮計量模型可能存有的內生性問題下，在透過工具變數法估計後，實證結果依舊沒有改變。

A growing number of individuals have postponed their first marriage and are currently single in Taiwan. This paper employs the Manpower Utilization Survey (MUS) during the period of 1982-2008 to investigate the connection between local marriage propensity and local labor market conditions. Our empirical results indicate that young women are more likely to get married in an area with a higher male employment rate and a lower female employment rate. Women tend to stay single longer when the labor market for women improves or the labor market for men worsens. These findings remain even after we adopt the instrument variable estimation to consider the potential endogeneity problem of local male or female employment rates in the settings.

居處背景相異者，在適應或調適的長久歷程中因迥異的物質與人文基礎，形塑出地方認同的區域差異。就認同的時間尺度而言，世代或個人生命歷程的時間尺度如何影響認同形塑及其結構機制為何，確實是個黑盒子，但是個人做為特定世代的一分子，如何透過鑲嵌於特定時間與空間下的個人生活實踐，而突顯時間在認同形塑的意義，是重要而待釐清的問題；以認同空間的尺度差異而言，個人的視界影響地方認同，受環境識覺影響的視界也決定著人們對特定或多重尺度的敏感與認同方式，這問題固然重要但是缺乏論證。這些研究隙縫有待補齊，說明了地方認同的研究不應侷限於單一的時間或空間、或空間與地方的二元尺度觀點。本文旨在探究空間尺度的多元性如何作用於認同，並將地方認同的建構歸因於水平的區域空間性與垂直的世代性之間的複雜共構形塑中，兼具時間空間尺度流動性的世代概念，有益於本研究檢視易變不居的動態世界下，地方認同在形式與內涵上的多樣性。為瞭解認同形塑的複雜再現歷程，本研究採質性訪談與問卷分析，並梳理地方認同、世代／生命歷程的辯證概念。基於理解不同經濟型態的社區之地方認同之異同，本研究選定的研究區包含高雄市轄內的：旗津區中洲地區漁村社區、三民區河堤中產階級社區與楠梓區中油高雄煉油廠職工宿舍區。研究結果呈現情境的生活經驗影響人們觀看的視界與認同尺度的大小，而世代概念則能彰顯地方認同異同的時間作用歷程。

Research on identity often takes place within one single space or scale. The regional differences, time scales and spatial scales of identity, however, are often ignored. From a regional identity perspective, people of diverse contexts form a complicated regional identity and a place symbol due to varied material and humanistic foundations. As time scales are concerned, how generation and individual life course affect identity formation is truly a black box. However, it is important to clarify how an individual of a specific generation transmits the meaning of time through his or her personal life embedded in a particular time and space. About spatial scales of identity, the horizons of individuals determine the sense of place and identity, and the horizons are affected by environmental perceptions. This paper fills this research gap. It also illustrates that such study should not be confined to the concept of unitary time-space. The aim is to explore how multiple scales work on identity and to attribute place identity to the complexity of horizontal spatiality and vertical generation. We suggest a generation concept containing both the time and space scales. This consideration is helpful for examining the multiplicity of place identity in dynamic generations (time) and areas (space).To understand the complicated process of identity formation, this paper uses qualitative interview and questionnaire results to solve the dialectical time-space concept of place identity and generation/life course. To differentiate place identity, we selected three communities in Kaohsiung City: (1) a fishing village in Chi-jin, (2) an upscale riverbank community in Sanmin, and (3) the Chinese Petroleum Corporation employee housing complex in Nanzih. The findings show that the experience of living situation influences people's horizons and scales of identity, so as to highlight the effect of time on place identity.

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