第十三期人口學刊1990.08 出刊
本期目錄
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Abstract
A random stratified sample of all students in Taiwan’s public and private senior high and vocational high schools as well as 5-year junior colleges was drawn to explore the sexually-related awareness, knowledge, attitude, behavior, and unmet needs. This survey indicates that Taiwan’s students: (1) lack of basic knowledge about contraception and reproduction; (2) are often not being taught what they are supposed to be or as adequately as they ought to be about these subjects in their academic courses in middle and senior high school; (3) have fairly permissive attitudes about sexual relationships, particularly males; (4) are sexually active, particularly males and those in private vocational schools although less so than U.S. counterparts; (5) want to learn about the nature of male and female intimate relationships; (6) and look to the schools and public health agencies to be more active learning resources.
中文摘要
本文係依據臺灣省家庭計畫研究所於民國七十二年十二月及七十三年一月間在國科會支助下，首次對全臺灣高中高職及五專學生對性之知識、態度及行為所作之抽樣調查資料進行之分析。結果顯示：高中高職及五專學生(1)缺乏對生殖生理及避孕的基本知識；(2)在校未獲得這方面的適當教育；(3)對兩性關係態度相當開放，尤其是男生；(4)有些已有性行為，尤其是私立高職學生（雖然比率不及美國學生）；(5)極欲學習青少年男女交往之道；(6)視學校及公共衛生機關為應提供這方面教育及資料之機構。
No keywords available.
中文摘要
本研究旨在分析臺灣地區學齡人口成長與國民教育發展關係，發現由於臺灣地區國民教育學齡人口增加過於迅速，增加了教育需求，但因各種因素限制下，學校擴充無法滿足人民對教育量與質的需求，影響國民教育品質甚鉅，至今國民教育仍存有學校規模過大，每班學生人數過多，師生比例過高，及二部制教學等問題。展望未來國民教育學齡人口減少趨勢，本研究建議學區重劃與建設新校手段平衡學生人數，降低每班學生人數標準，以提升教學品質。
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between the growth rate of school age (age 6－15) population and the development of the compulsory education system in Taiwan. The author discovered that, with the rapid increase of school age population, there has been a pressing demand to expand the current service. Due to a number of constraints, the speed of expansion cannot meet the quality and quantity of education required by the general public.
Problems such as over-populated schools, over-crowded classrooms, high teacher-student ratio and the divisionalization in order to accommodate more students are obstacles needed to be overcome. In view that there may be a slowdown in the growth rate of school age population in the future, the author suggested that restructuring of the school districts and establishing new schools can be used as means to balance the number of students per school and reduce the number of students per class to improve the quality of teaching.
Problems such as over-populated schools, over-crowded classrooms, high teacher-student ratio and the divisionalization in order to accommodate more students are obstacles needed to be overcome. In view that there may be a slowdown in the growth rate of school age population in the future, the author suggested that restructuring of the school districts and establishing new schools can be used as means to balance the number of students per school and reduce the number of students per class to improve the quality of teaching.
No keywords available.
中文摘要
本文採用一組行政區劃來界定各種遷徙類型。這種區分法，一則反映遷徙距離的遠近，二則也反映勞動力市場的大小。希望透過這種區分法來探討遷徙的選擇性是否具有漸進性，也就是說當遷徙的距離增加或所涵蓋之勞動力市場越擴大，遷徙者的特徵也作漸進性的變化。另外，各類型遷徙者是否受到不同原因的驅使，也是探討的重點之一。
本文的分析結果顯示，在五類移動者中，年齡選擇性呈漸進型態。在性別與婚姻狀況方面，只在遷徙者與本地內移動之細類中，可以看到選擇的漸進性。而職業與教育程度，只在少數幾類移動中具影響力。另外，我們也發現遷徙選擇性之漸進性受到兩個因素之影響，其一是各類移動中搬遷動機之組成，其二是社會的開發程度。
本文的分析結果顯示，在五類移動者中，年齡選擇性呈漸進型態。在性別與婚姻狀況方面，只在遷徙者與本地內移動之細類中，可以看到選擇的漸進性。而職業與教育程度，只在少數幾類移動中具影響力。另外，我們也發現遷徙選擇性之漸進性受到兩個因素之影響，其一是各類移動中搬遷動機之組成，其二是社會的開發程度。
Abstract
In this paper, a scheme of administrative units is employed to define various types of move. Such kind of classification reflects both scope of market and distance of move. It thus allows us to explore whether selectivity of movement is progressive as distance of move increases or market scope extends. In addition, whether they are motivated by different considerations is another focus of discussion.
Results of this paper suggest that progressive selectivity for all types of movers is observed in terms of age. For sex and marital status, progressive selectivity is observed within subgroups of local movers and migrants. However, occupation and education have significant effects on probabilities of being few type of movers. Meanwhile, we also find that progressive selectivity is subject to the influence of two factors. One is the composition of each type of move by reasons of move; the other is development stage of a society.
Results of this paper suggest that progressive selectivity for all types of movers is observed in terms of age. For sex and marital status, progressive selectivity is observed within subgroups of local movers and migrants. However, occupation and education have significant effects on probabilities of being few type of movers. Meanwhile, we also find that progressive selectivity is subject to the influence of two factors. One is the composition of each type of move by reasons of move; the other is development stage of a society.
No keywords available.
中文摘要
本研究主要目的在探討臺灣地區勞動力人口組成的改變，對勞動力市場之勞力未適當運用的影響效果。以民國69年勞動力人口組成作為標準，經消除法和分解法的處理而瞭解臺灣地區民國69年至77年的勞動力人口組成變遷對勞力未適當運用的影響。經過分析後發現，臺灣地區勞動力人口組成變遷對民國七○年代勞力運用有利之影響的效果愈來愈明顯。如果民國77年的勞動力年齡與性別組成維持和民國69年相同的結構，則在民國77年勞動力市場的人力未適當運用率（77-69）將比官方所發表的數字的改變量要高出6個百分點。
民國69年至77年的勞動力年齡和性別組成變遷把勞動力市場上之勞力未適當運用率的真正差異分別壓低了5個百分點和2個百分點。民國七○年代的勞動力人口組成變遷對勞力適當運用的現象是相當有利的；另外，勞動力人口組成變遷對各類人力未適當運用的影響則呈現出不完全一致的效應。性別組成變遷對勞動力市場上的所得偏低現象有促進作用，但對教育與職業不相稱之現象則有抑制效果；而年齡組成改變和性別組成改變都會抑制失業現象的產生。
民國69年至77年的勞動力年齡和性別組成變遷把勞動力市場上之勞力未適當運用率的真正差異分別壓低了5個百分點和2個百分點。民國七○年代的勞動力人口組成變遷對勞力適當運用的現象是相當有利的；另外，勞動力人口組成變遷對各類人力未適當運用的影響則呈現出不完全一致的效應。性別組成變遷對勞動力市場上的所得偏低現象有促進作用，但對教育與職業不相稱之現象則有抑制效果；而年齡組成改變和性別組成改變都會抑制失業現象的產生。
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of age-sex composition change of labor force on inadequate labor utilization in Taiwan. Inadequate labor utilization includes involuntary part-time work, low income work, and education-occupation mismatched work. Using both purging method and decomposing rate differences method, this study analyzes how change in inadequate labor utilization responded to the composition change of labor force from 1980 to 1988. The results suggest that inadequate utilization rate increases more than is immediately apparent from 1980 to 1988, because the age and sex structure changed in favorable direction in terms of adequate utilization－more middle-age and less younger labor force either for male or for female. Besides, the age and sex composition change had different influences on different types of inadequate labor utilization, respectively.
No keywords available.
中文摘要
本研究針對臺灣地區十二年間（1974～1985）選擇性之六項死因──自殺、缺血性心臟病、結核病、肝硬化、肺癌、糖尿病之鄉鎮別年齡標準化死亡率進行區位分析。研究結果顯示此六項死因死亡率之鄉鎮差異相當大。其中自殺與結核病及肝硬化之死亡率呈正相關，而與糖尿病、缺血性心臟病及肺癌死亡率呈負相關。進一步對區域社經與死亡率關係的探討發現，社經因素對「自殺─肝硬化─結核」死亡率結集之解釋力較大，其中又以「地方粗死亡率」對男性肝硬化及自殺之正向相關聯較為明顯。至於「糖尿病─缺血性心臟病─肺癌」死亡率之區域社經分析，僅「地區教育程度」和「糖尿病」死亡率呈較明顯之正向關聯。至於以每千人西醫數代表之醫療資源一項，對六項死因死亡率未顯示任何統計上之解釋力。此發現指出區域社會流行病受非醫療因素影響甚鉅，區域性社經結構因素之分佈特別值得注意。此外，目前社區健康服務政策上所採之「中央統一劃一性決策」、及「個人個別化約性之健康服務」特性之不足。故建議社區健康服務應予以「地方化」，根據需求予以規劃，制定更能符合地方上需求之策略。
Abstract
This study analyzes age standardized mortality rates over twelve years (1974-1985) for six causes of death－suicide, liver cirrhosis, tuberculosis, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and lung cancer in each Hsiang. The results indicate considerable areal variation in mortality. Among the causes of death, suicide, liver cirrhosis, and TB are positively correlated, and these three causes of death are negatively correlated with diabetes, lung cancer, and ischemic heart disease. Further analysis of the relationship between socio-economic factors and the area’s mortality reveals that these factors explain much regional variation in the suicide-TB-liver cirrhosis mortality cluster. Among these factors general health status is the most powerful explanatory variable for the suicide-TB-liver cirrhosis mortality cluster, while regional educational resources best explain lung cancer-diabetes-ischemic heart disease mortality variation. Somewhat surprisingly, the medical resources factor (as indicated by the number of physicians per thousand in the population) has no explanatory significance. This suggests that non-medical influences－especially the socio-economic structure of the locality－account more for the areal variation in specific health problems. Furthermore, the centralized and universal health policies as well as the individual oriented health services are not adequate to ameliorate area-specific problems. Instead, more localized community health service are suggested to meet local needs.
No keywords available.
中文摘要
人口成長與經濟發展的關係是人口學的一個基本課題，也是一個爭論不休的問題。本文引用歷史學者、人口學者、經濟學者、以及社會學者所收集的驗證材料，輔以臺灣地區與中國大陸的人口資料，檢討近代的人口成長與人口轉型，從而澄清人口成長與經濟發展的關係。本文指出，人口成長與經濟發展間並無一成不變的公式，有利或有害需視當時當地的社會經濟條件而定。我們傾向於接受馬克斯之主張人口「問題」為生產關係的問題，而不是生產力的問題，只是我們認為這個問題主要是發生在實施公有制度的社會主義國家，而不是發生在實施市場制度的資本主義國家。
Abstract
Based on the theories proposed and the data accumulated by the social scientists during the past thirty years, with an emphasis on the process of development in both Mainland China and Taiwan, this paper re-examines the long debated impacts of population growth on economic development. It is concluded that population growth can either stimulate or hinder the economic development, depending on how the development is created and formatted. There is no simple rule governing how the population growth affects the economic development. While the economic development in Mainland China is more related to the reform programs than the fertility control, the population growth in Taiwan has preceded the development.
No keywords available.
中文摘要
中小學人口教育事關我國人口的合理變遷，與適當的社會、經濟、政治及文化發展，故規劃與推動中小學人口教育乃是重要的事。而要健全中小學人口教育需先有合適的人口教育目標為之引導。於是本研究乃參照各種資料研究現階段臺灣地區中小學人口教育的目標。
考慮制定中小學人口教育目標的必要性及原則性等，本研究所研定的現階段我國中小學人口教育總目標是在促進我國各級中小學生及社會人士獲取充分的人口知識，建立正確的人口觀念，及表現適當的人口行為，進而增進解決及應對現在與未來人口及相關問題的技術與能力，促使社會中的人口性質獲得改進，以利健全並發展社會、經濟、政治及文化條件等。考慮上述的主要目標或總目標在達成的路程上有遠近之別，故從中更細分成長、中及短程目標。
又考慮各級中小學生的心智發展程度不同，知識基礎不同，故應施與的人口教育之重點目標也應有所分別。故本研究於提出中小學人口教育的總目標後，又進而點出各級中小學校階段所應強調的重點教育目標。
考慮制定中小學人口教育目標的必要性及原則性等，本研究所研定的現階段我國中小學人口教育總目標是在促進我國各級中小學生及社會人士獲取充分的人口知識，建立正確的人口觀念，及表現適當的人口行為，進而增進解決及應對現在與未來人口及相關問題的技術與能力，促使社會中的人口性質獲得改進，以利健全並發展社會、經濟、政治及文化條件等。考慮上述的主要目標或總目標在達成的路程上有遠近之別，故從中更細分成長、中及短程目標。
又考慮各級中小學生的心智發展程度不同，知識基礎不同，故應施與的人口教育之重點目標也應有所分別。故本研究於提出中小學人口教育的總目標後，又進而點出各級中小學校階段所應強調的重點教育目標。
Abstract
The study of objectives of population education for secondary and elementary schools in Taiwan Area is important, because such education is highly associated with courses of population changes and social, economic, political as well as cultural developments. In order to plan and implement school population education effectively, it must first design proper educational goals.
Taking the necessity, the principle and the reference of population education into consideration, the study sets the common goal of population education as: to promote students and citizens to pursue abundant population knowledge to construct proper population attitude, to show adequate population behavior, to obtain skills and abilities for solving current and future population and related problems. Finally it will also contribute to the development of social, economic, political and cultural it will also contribute to the development of social, economic, political and cultural conditions of Taiwan society. The common goal mentioned above perhaps can be divided specifically into long term, middle term and short term ones. In considering the fact that levels of knowledge and intelligence of students in different levels or schools are varied. The present study also points out different goals of population education focused on different levels of secondary and elementary schools.
Taking the necessity, the principle and the reference of population education into consideration, the study sets the common goal of population education as: to promote students and citizens to pursue abundant population knowledge to construct proper population attitude, to show adequate population behavior, to obtain skills and abilities for solving current and future population and related problems. Finally it will also contribute to the development of social, economic, political and cultural it will also contribute to the development of social, economic, political and cultural conditions of Taiwan society. The common goal mentioned above perhaps can be divided specifically into long term, middle term and short term ones. In considering the fact that levels of knowledge and intelligence of students in different levels or schools are varied. The present study also points out different goals of population education focused on different levels of secondary and elementary schools.
No keywords available.
中文摘要
處於1990年代臺灣地區面臨人口轉型末期之際，本文主要目的為檢討過去七十年間的總生育率變動，以驗證生育轉型過程中的第二種人口週期教果，亦即婦女的生育步調和人口週期變動的關係。
檢討婦女生育步調和人口週期變動的關係，本文主要引用Norman Ryder的總生育率分析模型，這個分析模型築基於年輪總生育率和年期種生育率之間的轉換關係：TFR=CFR x( l-m’+rv’)，利用兩種組生育率的時間序列之間的關聯和差距，以顯現年期總生育率的週期性波動。Ryder的總生育率分析模型迵異於一般人口學常用的穩定人口的靜態比較分析模型而且有動態分析的特點。它運用微分方程式直接分析不同出生年輪陸續晉入生育年齡時所產生的年期總生育率變化，毋須對年齡率作固定的假設，而且容許生育量和生育年齡的同時變化，因此可以直接對臺灣間地區生育轉型過程中的總生育率作實質的驗證和分析。
本文的分析證實由轉換公式求得的TFR相當大幅度地拉近了觀察的年期TFR水準與年輪CFR水準之間的差距，顯示年輪生育步調變動在臺轉地區年期總生育率的表現上扮演相當重要的角色。
檢討婦女生育步調和人口週期變動的關係，本文主要引用Norman Ryder的總生育率分析模型，這個分析模型築基於年輪總生育率和年期種生育率之間的轉換關係：TFR=CFR x( l-m’+rv’)，利用兩種組生育率的時間序列之間的關聯和差距，以顯現年期總生育率的週期性波動。Ryder的總生育率分析模型迵異於一般人口學常用的穩定人口的靜態比較分析模型而且有動態分析的特點。它運用微分方程式直接分析不同出生年輪陸續晉入生育年齡時所產生的年期總生育率變化，毋須對年齡率作固定的假設，而且容許生育量和生育年齡的同時變化，因此可以直接對臺灣間地區生育轉型過程中的總生育率作實質的驗證和分析。
本文的分析證實由轉換公式求得的TFR相當大幅度地拉近了觀察的年期TFR水準與年輪CFR水準之間的差距，顯示年輪生育步調變動在臺轉地區年期總生育率的表現上扮演相當重要的角色。
Abstract
At a stage of approaching the completion of demographic transition in Taiwan in 1990s, this paper examines the transition of total fertility rates for the past seventy years, to explain the relationship between women`s fertility tempo and population cycles.
Norman Ryder’s translation model of cohort completed fertility and period total ferti1ity, TFR=CFR x (l-M`十RV`),.is employed here for analysis. The discrepancy between two time series of period fertility rate and cohort feiti1ity rate, signifies the effects of women`s fertility tempo on period rate. Ryder’s model is robust in terms of its dynamical1y analytical nature, that allows us directly test the experience of Taiwan`s fertility transition. Women`s fertility tempo is defined as the mean age of fertility, variance of fertility age, and completed fertility in this model.
It is found that women`s ferti1ity tempo played a significant role in affecting the observed period fertility level during the process of ferti1ity transition in Taiwan. The big discrepancy between cohort and period fertility rates has become close,and two series have resembled each other, after the translation of CFR to TFR.
Norman Ryder’s translation model of cohort completed fertility and period total ferti1ity, TFR=CFR x (l-M`十RV`),.is employed here for analysis. The discrepancy between two time series of period fertility rate and cohort feiti1ity rate, signifies the effects of women`s fertility tempo on period rate. Ryder’s model is robust in terms of its dynamical1y analytical nature, that allows us directly test the experience of Taiwan`s fertility transition. Women`s fertility tempo is defined as the mean age of fertility, variance of fertility age, and completed fertility in this model.
It is found that women`s ferti1ity tempo played a significant role in affecting the observed period fertility level during the process of ferti1ity transition in Taiwan. The big discrepancy between cohort and period fertility rates has become close,and two series have resembled each other, after the translation of CFR to TFR.
書評
1. Fertility Policies of Asian Countries,
edited by K. Mahadevan, Sage Publications, New Delhi, 1988. 320 pp. ISBN: 0-8039-9570-9(USA), 81-7036-110-9(India)
2. Population Growth and Poverty in Rural South Asia,
edited by Gerry Rodgeres, Sage Publications, New Delhi, 1989. 249 pp. ISBN: 0-8039-9600-4(USA)